One advantage of dual-polarization radars is the ability to differentiate between water and ice phases in storms. The application of difference reflectivity (ZDP) in the analysis of mixed-phase precipitation is presented. Here, ZDP analysis is used to obtain the fraction of water and ice in mixed-phase precipitation. The techniques developed are applied to data collected on 9 August 1991 during...

AFPs (antifreeze proteins) are produced by many organisms that inhabit ice-laden environments. They facilitate survival at sub-zero temperatures by binding to, and inhibiting, the growth of ice crystals in solution. The Antarctic bacterium Marinomonas primoryensis produces an exceptionally large(>1 MDa) hyperactive Ca2+-dependent AFP. We have cloned,expressed and characterized a 322-amino-acid ...

Understanding the scattering properties of complex ice particles is essential to understanding the role of clouds in climate. Ray-tracing studies (Fu, 1998; Takano and Liou, 1989a; Takano and Liou, 1995) have focused on simple ice crystal shapes such as columns and plates. The scattering properties of highly complex ice crystals would be computationally prohibitive to calculate using traditiona...

In this study, characteristic optical sizes of ice crystals in synoptic cirrus are determined using airborne measurements of ice crystal size distributions, optical extinction and water content. The measurements are compared with coincident visual observations of ice cloud optical phenomena, in particular the 22◦ and 46◦ halos. In general, the 5 scattering profiles derived from the in-situ clou...

An ice crystal halo display that contains several previously unknown halo phenomena was observed in Northern Chile. Analysis of computer simulations of the halos demonstrates that most of the new halo arcs in the display can be explained by the presence of airborne and preferentially oriented crystals of cubic ice. These observations therefore provide evidence of the existence of the cubic phas...

Four dimensional (4D, or 3D plus time) X-ray tomographic imaging of phase changes in materials is quickly becoming an accepted tool for quantifying the development of microstructures to both inform and validate models. However, most of the systems studied have been relatively simple binary compositions with only two phases. In this study we present a quantitative dataset of the phase evolution ...

Introduction: The discoveries made by the Opportunity rover at Meridiani Planum have provided a new view of the chemistry of the martian surface. These results have also spawned a number of different interpretations. These different interpretations of the chemistry of the Meridiani sulphate-bearing rocks can be categorized into two main groups. The first model suggests that the rocks are sedime...

The existence of a quasi-liquid layer on the surface of ice crystals at temperatures not far belaw O°C is widely accepted on the basis of many experimental and theoretical studies (e.g., 1-4). However, there has been no experimental study including the direct information on, the structure of the quasi-liquid layer. It is therefore highly desirable to obtain structural data by X-ray diffraction ...

The meridional freshwater flux in the atmosphere, and hence the strength of the hydrological cycle, undergoes variations on glacial–interglacial as well as on some shorter timescales. A significant portion of these changes to the hydrological cycle are due to the temperature–precipitation feedback according to which there is more precipitation over the higher latitudes during warm periods when ...