26 Standing balance is often threatened in everyday life. These threats typically involve scenarios where 27 either the likelihood or the consequence of falling is higher than normal. When cats are placed in these 28 scenarios they respond by increasing the sensitivity of muscle spindles imbedded in the leg muscles, 29 presumably to increase balance-relevant afferent information available to th...

Volitional muscle contractions are used frequently in some combination with muscle stretching to promote muscle relaxation and to increase range of motion. In this study, muscle lengthening procedures were evaluated in the ankle plantar flexors. Four soleus muscle stretching procedures--static stretch (SS), hold relax (HR) (isometric plantar flexor contraction before stretch), agonist contract ...

A multivariate study was conducted on 23 subjects practicing the Transcendental Meditation technique and participating in a six-month Age of Enlightenment advanced training program. The electroencephalogram of each subject was recorded before and during the Transcendental Meditation technique, and compressed spectral arrays of coherence above a threshold of0.95 were subsequently generated by co...

Conflict of interest statement. Kelong Han is an employee of Genentech and holds stock in F. Hoffmann – La Roche. Melanie Ren was an employee of Genentech at the time the manuscript was written. Wolfgang Wick has acted as a consultant for F. Hoffmann–La Roche, Eli Lilly (uncompensated), and MSD and has received research support from Apogenix, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, and MSD. Lauren Abr...

Fifty-three psychiatric patients, 16 with schizophrenia, 19 with affective disorder, and 19 with schizo-affective disorder were diagnosed by Research Diagnostic Criteria. Hoffmann reflex recovery curves were measured in the right and left legs of each patient. In both affective disorder and schizo-affective disorder, recovery curve height in the right and left legs was highly correlated. In sch...

Brain and spinal injury reduce mobility and often impair sensorimotor processing in the spinal cord leading to spasticity. Here, we establish that complete transection of corticospinal pathways in the pyramids impairs locomotion and leads to increased spasms and excessive mono- and polysynaptic low threshold spinal reflexes in rats. Treatment of affected forelimb muscles with an adeno-associate...

The clinical investigation of the nature and treatment of spasticity has been greatly impeded by the lack of any simple and precise method of measurement of the increased resistance to passive movement of the limbs, most investigators relying on arbitrary clinical grading of severity. Elaborate methods of measurement are still in an experimental stage and are not universally available (Timberla...

Electrical Stimulation is a technique that uses electrical currents to activate nerves innervating muscles and is primarily used to restore functions in people with disabilities. Surface Spinal Stimulation (SSS) is a form of electrical stimulation, and is used to influence the activity of nerve root fibers under the Para vertebral muscle through the surface electrodes applied over the skin of P...