The Kashkan Formation (Paleocene to Middle Eocene), consists of conglomerate, sandstone, and siltstone in the Zagros Folded zone, southwest Iran. Type of the sedimentary facies, architectural elements and trace fossils show that Kashkan deposits were formed in a low sinuosity braided stream system, with north to south flow direction. The formation displays coarsening-upward succession reflects ...

Emry, Robert J. Revised Tertiary Stratigraphy and Paleontology of the Western Beaver Divide, Fremont County, Wyoming. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology, number 25, 20 pages, 6 figures, 1975.•In the western Beaver Divide area in west-central Wyoming, a lens of coarse Tertiary volcanic conglomerate and tuff disconfqrmably overlies Uintan rocks of the Wagon Bed Formation. The coarse volcan...

Whether or not coarse detrital sedimentary rocks occur within the \3.7 Ga Isua Greenstone Belt (IGB), southern west Greenland, has been debated for some time. Repeated, regional metamorphic, deformational, and metasomatic events have obscured most protolith lithologies leading to misunderstandings about the stratigraphy and environments of deposition. Rocks here interpreted as meta-conglomerate...

The results in this note are all from [Nee01] or [BN93]. For necessary background on cardinals (particularly regular and singular cardinals) see our notes on Basic Set Theory (BST). In our BST notes there is no mention of grothendieck universes, whereas all our notes on category theory (including this one) are implicitly working inside a fixed grothendieck universe U using the conglomerate conv...

Understanding the evolution of river systems in southern Africa is fundamental to constrain landscape and sediment dispersal patterns. It widely considered that upper Zambezi River was connected with Limpopo during Cretaceous, forming what then largest Africa. Crustal flexure Paleogene severed drainage from Limpopo, setting framework modern systems. We present first evidence—based on heavy-mine...

The Macaronesian laurel forests (MLF) are dominated by trees with a laurophyll habit comparable to evergreen humid forests which were scattered across Europe and the Mediterranean in the Paleogene and Neogene. Therefore, MLF are traditionally regarded as an old, 'Tertiary relict' vegetation type. Here we address the question if key taxa of the MLF are relictual. We evaluated the relict hypothes...

—Although morphological variation is known to influence the evolutionary fates of species, the relationship between morphological variation and survivorship in the face of extinction-inducing perturbations is poorly understood. Here, we investigate this relationship for veneroid bivalves in association with the Plio-Pleistocene extinction in Florida. Fourteen pairs of related species were selec...

Coevolution is defined as reciprocal selective pressures that operate to make the evolution of one taxon partially dependent on the evolution another. This process often involves multiple species exploiting shared limiting resources. In classic coevolutionary models, populations of sympatric species are seen to diverge in one or more morphological, ecological, or behavioral traits to effect mor...