Understanding the behaviours of swimming microorganisms in various environments is important for understanding cell distribution and growth in nature and industry. However, cell behaviour in complex geometries is largely unknown. In this study, we used Tetrahymena thermophila as a model microorganism and experimentally investigated cell behaviour between two flat plates with a small angle. In t...

As human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) begins to replicate within hosts, immune responses are elicited against it. Escape mutations in viral epitopes-immunogenic peptide parts presented on the surface of infected cells-allow HIV to partially evade these responses, and thus rapidly go to fixation. The faster they go to fixation, i.e., the higher their escape rate, the larger the selective pressur...

RNA viruses replicate near the error threshold for maintenance of genetic information, and an increase in mutation frequency during replication may drive RNA viruses to extinction in a process termed lethal mutagenesis. This report addresses the efficiency of extinction (versus escape from extinction) of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) by combinations of the mutagenic base analog 5-fluorour...

The mean first exit time and escape probability are utilized to quantify dynamical behaviors of stochastic differential equations with non-Gaussian α−stable type Lévy motions. Both deterministic quantities are characterized by differential-integral equations (i.e., differential equations with nonlocal terms) but with different exterior conditions. The non-Gaussianity of noises manifests as nonl...

objective: this study was conducted to identify the characteristics of patients with psychosis who had escaped from hospital or were discharged prematurely and against medical advice. method: we carried out this retrospective study on 72 patients with psychosis who were discharged prematurely over a 38-month period and compared them to 76 patients with psychosis who were discharged according to...