Antigen Retrieval Overview  Overview of Heat-induced Epitope Retrieval Techniques and Devices Room Temperature Epitope Retrieval (RTER)  Hydrochloric Acid Method (pH 1)  Formic Acid Method (pH 2) Heat Induced Epitope Retrieval (HIER)  Citrate Buffer Method (pH 6)  Citrate-EDTA Buffer Method (pH 6.2)  EDTA Method (pH 8)  Tris-EDTA Method (pH 9)  TBS Method (pH 9)  Tris Buffer Method (pH...

The naïve antibody/B-cell receptor (BCR) repertoires of different individuals ought to exhibit significant functional commonality, given that most pathogens trigger an effective antibody response immunodominant epitopes. Sequence-based repertoire analysis has so far offered little evidence for this phenomenon. For example, a recent study estimated the number shared (‘public’) clonotypes in circ...

CD8+ T cells are thought to play an important role in protective immunity to tuberculosis. The major histocompatibility complex class I subtype HLA-A*0201 is one of the most prevalent class I alleles, with a frequency of over 30% in most populations. HLA-A*0201 transgenic, H-2Db/mouse beta2-microglobulin double-knockout mice (HHD) which express human HLA-A*0201 but no mouse class I, was shown t...

We previously reported that the immunoglobulin M (IgM) monoclonal antibody (MAb) B6.1 protects mice against disseminated candidiasis, whereas the IgM MAb B6 does not. Both MAbs are specific for an adhesin fraction isolated from the cell surface of Candida albicans, but their epitope specificities differ. In the present study, we examined the surface locations of both epitopes and obtained struc...

The magnitude of a virus-specific memory CTL population can dramatically influence the outcome of secondary infections, yet little is known about the determinants of memory size. We investigated the impact of epitope levels on CTL memory generation by using a recombinant vaccinia virus system that allows for a broad range of epitope expression with the same infectious dose of virus. The size of...

B-cell epitope is a group of residues which is on the surface of an antigen. It invokes humoral responses. Locating B-cell epitope is important for effective vaccine design, and the development of diagnostic reagents. Mimotope-based B-cell epitope prediction method is a kind of conformational B-cell epitope prediction, and the core idea of the method is mapping the mimotope sequences which are ...

SV40 large tumor Ag (Tag) contains four H-2b-restricted (I, II/III, IV, and V) CTL epitopes. A hierarchy exists among these CTL epitopes. CTL directed against epitopes I, II/III, and IV are readily detected following immunization of H-2b mice with SV40, Tag-transformed syngeneic cells, or a vaccinia recombinant that expresses full-length Tag, while epitope V-specific CTL are not. The mechanisms...

Fuzzy logic control systems are structured numerical estimators. They combine both the numerical process and human like reasoning. Neural networks are numerical trainable dynamical systems that are able to emulate human brain functions; their connectionist structure can be used to find the proper parameters and structures that resemble human thinking rules for fuzzy logic controllers. Generally...

Persistent Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is primarily controlled by HLA class I-restricted memory cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) responses which can be reactivated in vitro by stimulation of peripheral blood lymphocytes with autologous lymphoblastoid cell lines. During an investigation of a donor infected by both type A and type B EBV, CTL specific for type B EBV were isolated. The CTL were found ...

Abstract Development of effective counteragents against the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2) strains, requires clear insights and information for understanding immune responses associated with it. This global pandemic has pushed healthcare system restricted movement people succumbing available therapeutics utterly warrants developme...