The subject of this study is the social contradictions in meshchane communes district capitals early nineteenth century which transpired when recruiting men for military service. object appointment militiamen during 1806–1807 and 1812, far more were recruited than regular recruit levies. author examines three centres, i. e. Serpukhov, Novaya Ladoga, Gdov. article considers practices motivations...

In 2013, Aleppo province was engulfed in violence. The Syrian Arab Army (SAA) and affiliated Shi’a militias executed a campaign of massacres the rural areas located on eastern fringes province. violence caused an exodus from this region, eventually dissipating local communities entirely. What can explain such extreme brutal political perpetrated at level east countryside throughout 2013? To fin...

Abstract This article explores how the cultural symbol of Joker, from 2019 American movie Joker , first unfolded during Iraqi Tishreen [October] Revolution as radical-gradual creative imagery both shocking and contested among activists. Considering visuals modes, I argue that they emerged antenarrative, open to multiple interpretations. The antenarrative quickly transformed into a derogatory la...

This article focuses on the �hidden public culture� formed by individual memories of violent conflicts, with particular reference to Lebanese Civil War (1975�90). Taking memory as a terrain through which individuals can contest authoritarian governance and repressive scripts, argues that personal ordinary citizens contribute illuminate power relations structure war memorialisations. Through ser...

Much of the quantitative conflict resolution literature focuses on peacemaking efforts aimed at resolving international or civil wars that involve state forces, while ignoring non-state between communal groups, rebel militias. This article aims to contribute filling this gap in research. I first put forward a typology conflicts, based two dimensions: (1) whether issues are local national; and (...

How can we describe and categorize government relationships with pro-government militias (PGMs)? Most research tends to focus on sponsorship of PGMs. This entails a cooperative relationship delegation Yet most government-PGM relations are nuanced, complex, often fraught uncertainty even conflict hostility. In this article discuss the conceptualization PGMs vis-à-vis or state, then complexities ...

Which armed groups have perpetrated sexual violence in recent conflicts? This article presents patterns from the new Sexual Violence in Armed Conflict (SVAC) dataset. The dataset, coded from the three most widely used sources in the quantitative human rights literature, covers 129 active conflicts, and the 625 armed actors involved in these conflicts, during the period 1989–2009. The unit of ob...

1 Ammar W, Azzam O, Khoury R, Fakha H, Mattar C, Halabi M, et al. Lebanon national health accounts 1998. Beirut: Ministry of Public Health in Lebanon, World Health Organization, and World Bank, 2000. 2 Kronfol NM, Bashshur R. Lebanon’s health care policy: a case study in the evolution of a health system under stress. J Public Health Policy 1989;10:377-96. 3 Van Lerberghe W, Ammar W, el Rashidi ...