Submit Manuscript | http://medcraveonline.com Reverse osmosis (RO) membranes are commonly used for sea water desalination to produce fresh water. These membranes are usually prepared using interfacial polymerization. Hydrophobic diamine and water-soluble chloride salt precursor are reacted to form a thin polyamide (PA) separation layer on a porous support [1]. The PA cross-linking density has a...

This paper summarizes a study of the economic and environmental performance of Reverse Osmosis (RO) desalination powered mainly with photovoltaics. It is based on up-to-date cost data for photovoltaic power plants and RO desalination plants. A case study is presented of a plant producing 6550 m water per day on the coast of the Red Sea in Saudi Arabia powered by 3-MWdc PV or HCPV capacities. We...

Capacitive De-Ionization (CDI) is becoming a suitable alternative for desalination. The low cost of the materials required and its reduced energy consumption can be critical factors for developing this technique. CDI technology does not require a high-pressure system and the energy storage capability of CDI cells allows it to be reused in other CDI cells, thus minimizing consumption. The goal o...

This investigation studies desalination powered by wind and solar energy, including a study of a configuration using PVT solar panels. First, a water treatment was developed to estimate the power requirement for brackish groundwater reverse-osmosis (BWRO) desalination. Next, an energy model was designed to (1) size a wind farm based on this power requirement and (2) size a solar farm to preheat...

Increasing global demand for fresh water is driving the development and implementation of a wide variety of seawater desalination technologies. Entropy generation analysis, and specifically, Second Law efficiency, is an important tool for illustrating the influence of irreversibilities within a system on the required energy input. When defining Second Law efficiency, the useful exergy output of...

The mining industry is facing problems of clean production in terms of mineral processing, pollution, water consumption, and renewable energy. An interesting outlook can be to combine the mining industry with membrane-based desalination in the logic of mining from the sea. In fact, several of the drawbacks found in both mining and desalination can be minimized or overcome, which includes hinder...

This study aims at studying the environmental effects of desalination byproducts and the cost analysis of desalination systems. Focus was made on the two widespread techniques of seawater desalination; the Multistage Flash (MSF) System and Reverse Osmosis (RO) system. These two technologies of thermal and membrane desalination have a substantial history and their industry is well established. M...

Salt crystallization is one of the most important reasons for the decay of historical objects. A well known example is the historical city of Venice in which there is a lot salt decay. Reducing salt contamination is important for conservation of old historic buildings. Therefore often desalination treatments are done. The desalination of non-movable objects, like buildings, is usually made thro...

This paper focuses on a Hybrid Process that uses feed salinity dilution and osmotic power recovery from Pressure Retarded Osmosis (PRO) to achieve higher overall water recovery. This reduces the energy consumption and capital costs of conventional seawater desalination and water reuse processes. The Hybrid Process increases the amount of water recovered from the current 66.7% for conventional s...