Acute renal failure (ARF) occurs in up to 30% of patients who undergo cardiac surgery, with dialysis being required in approximately 1% of all patients. The development of ARF is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality independent of all other factors. The pathogenesis of ARF involves multiple pathways. Hemodynamic, inflammatory, and nephrotoxic factors are involved and overlap each...

Our current knowledge of the pathophysiology of chronic hibernating myocardium is mainly based on results from clinical studies, because of the absence of appropriate and validated animal models. These clinical observations have given rise to two major controversies: the role of reduced blood flow and that of histological changes in the hibernating segments. In this review, these two subjects w...

Disruption of normal gastrointestinal function as a result of infection, hereditary or acquired diseases, or complications of surgical procedures uncovers its important role in acid-base homeostasis. Metabolic acidosis or alkalosis may occur, depending on the nature and volume of the unregulated losses that occur. Investigation into the specific pathophysiology of gastrointestinal disorders has...

Are the symptoms of autism caused by a treatable metabolic syndrome that traces to the abnormal persistence of a normal, alternative functional state of mitochondria? A small clinical trial published in 2017 suggests this is possible. Based on a new unifying theory of pathogenesis for autism called the cell danger response (CDR) hypothesis, this study of 10 boys, ages 5-14years, showed that all...

Many people live near point sources of air pollution such as industrial sites and waste disposal operations and there are often suggestions of clusters of disease around such activities. Such alleged clusters will generate significant public concern and media interest and in many cases will warrant detailed investigation. However, the ability of current epidemiological methods to investigate su...

The term rectocele describes a hernia of the rectal wall – most often anterior – causing an unrolling of the posterior vaginal wall and posterior colpocele. Rectoceles can be associated with elytrocele, with or without bowel or sigmoid loops, and are often associated with other pelvic floor disorders. Assessment and management of pelvic organ prolapse is practitioner-dependent and the term “rec...

Anaemia is the most common haematological disorder affecting humanity and is usually observed in chronic disease states such as non-specific anaemia, which may cause diagnostic difficulties. In chronically ill patients with anaemia, this has a negative impact on quality of life as well as survival. This paper aims at reviewing the pathogenesis of this form of anaemia with a view to suggesting f...

The increasing prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and the public health initiatives for detection and slowing its progression have placed special emphasis on controlling proteinuria and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). In addition to the traditional blockers of angiotensin-converting enzyme and angiotensin receptors, mineralocorticoid receptor blockers (MRBs) have come i...

Navigation is a fundamental human activity. It occurs in a wide range of activities and contexts, and it has accordingly been studied by a range of disciplines. In the social sciences, anthropologists have studied the tools and techniques of different cultures, including Western ones. Psychologists have studied the cognitive structures and processes involved in human navigation. In the field of...

Pathophysiology of the Clinical Manifestations of Preeclampsia Michelle Hladunewich,* S. Ananth Karumanchi, and Richard Lafayette *Division of Nephrology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Nephrology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and Division of Nephrology, Stanford University, Stanford, California Clin J Am S...