Abstract Although most accounts of Christian encounters with Muslims in the period between eleventh and thirteenth centuries pay particular attention to conflict violence, a body hagiographical texts emanating from monastic circles points different kind approach. In this article I foreground three examples Italo-Greek saints’ lives tenth early which saints question treat whom they encounter as ...

This article presents a case study of the papal communication accompanying crusader violence against Jews in France mid 1230s. The pogroms perpetrated during preparatory phase so-called Crusade Barons, which 1000s were killed, are best-documented anti-Jewish attacks thirteenth century. They coincide with period unprecedented crusade propaganda Europe when crusades to Holy Land, Latin Empire and...

The Armenians, who were subjected to deportation many times while living under the Eastern Roman administration, reactive against Greeks because of their religious and heavy tax obligations. Therefore, XI. Towards end century, they had a hostile attitude towards Turks entered Anatolian lands at beginning. However, this situation was short lived in peace rule Turks. rapid advance Anatolia captur...

This article delves into the scholarly contributions of al-Biqā’ī, a thinker whose intellectual journey unfolded amidst turbulent backdrop Crusades, period marked by intense horizontal conflicts between Muslims and Christians. Despite charged atmosphere polemical exchanges, al-Biqā’ī’s approach to intertextual interpretation sets him apart as unique figure. His receptivity Christian Jewish trad...