Passive aquatic listeners (PALs) provide high-quality, high-resolution estimates of precipitation over ocean regions, but have been underutilized as a reference data set for the evaluation satellite-based (SPEs). PALs are uniquely suited this purpose due to their 5 km surface listening area when sampling at 1 depth on drifting Argo Floats, providing rain rate spatial scale similar native grid s...

[1] The key question that is asked in this study is ‘‘how are the three independent bias components of satellite rainfall estimation, comprising hit bias, missed, and false precipitation, physically related to the estimation uncertainty of soil moisture and runoff for a physically based hydrologic model?’’ The study also investigated the performance of different satellite rainfall products as a...

Abstract Accurate and precise rainfall records are crucial for hydrological applications water resources management. The accuracy continuity of ground-based time series rely on the density distribution rain gauges over territories. In context a decline gauge distribution, how to optimize design optimal networks is still an unsolved issue. this work, we present method network using satellite-bas...