Several medical and surgical procedures have been presented for treatment of dystonia. Thalamotomy, pallidotomy, and campotomy are some of the surgical choices. This study presents a patient with dystonia who underwent a cervical dorsal root entry zone (DREZ) operation after thalamotomy and campotomy. A 23-year-old man who was resistant to medical treatment presented with left hemidystonia. Tha...

IMPORTANCE Dystonia is a heterogeneous neurologic disorder characterized by abnormal muscle contractions for which standard medical therapy is often inadequate. For such patients, therapeutic brain stimulation is becoming increasingly used. OBJECTIVES To review the evidence and effect sizes for treating different types of dystonia with different types of brain stimulation and to discuss recen...

OBJECTIVE Most patients with tardive dystonia have a focal onset involving the cranial-cervical region. Because of its resemblance to idiopathic cranial dystonia, a common form of dystonia, it often poses a diagnostic problem. To compare clinical features and response to botulinum toxin (BTX) injections between patients with tardive and idiopathic oromandibular dystonia (OMD). METHODS Patient...

The vast majority of patients with primary dystonia are adults with focal or segmental distribution of involuntary movements. Although ~10% of probands have at least one first- or second-degree relative to dystonia, large families suited for linkage analysis are exceptional. After excluding mutations in known primary dystonia genes (TOR1A, THAP1 and CIZ1), whole-exome sequencing identified a GN...

Dystonia is a movement disorder characterised by involuntary, extended, patterned, and often repetitive muscle contractions of skeletal muscles, frequently causing twisting movements or abnormal postures. Recent studies have shown that stress coffee consumption can precipitate dystonic attacks. Many people, due to their diligent life schedules increased physical inactivity less work-life balanc...

Selection of muscles for botulinum toxin injection for limb dystonia is particularly challenging. Limb dystonias vary more widely in the pattern of dystonic movement and involved muscles than cervical dystonia or blepharospasm. The large variation in how healthy individuals perform skilled hand movements, the large number of muscles in the hand and forearm, and the presence of compensatory acti...

Acute dystonia is a side effect of antipsychotic medication, and appears shortly after beginning treatment. The movement disorder is characterized by sustained muscle contractions that are typically slow, but rapid dystonia referred to as myoclonic dystonia has also been described. Cranial, pharyngeal and cervical muscles are generally affected causing fixation of the jaw, retrocollis, torticol...

Antidopaminergic drugs are known to induce extrapyramidal symptoms. Clebopride, a dopamine antagonist, also can produce parkinsonism, tardive dyskinesia, tardive dystonia, hemifacial dystonia, or oculogyric crisis; however, acute dystonic reaction caused by clebopride has not been reported in adults. We report two young men who experienced acute cervical dystonia within a few days of taking cle...

Genes causing primary dystonia are rare. Recently, pathogenic mutations in the anoctamin 3 gene (ANO3) have been identified to cause autosomal dominant craniocervical dystonia and have been assigned to the dystonia locus dystonia-24 (DYT24). Here, we expand on the phenotypic spectrum of DYT24 and provide demonstrative videos. Moreover, tremor recordings were performed, and back-averaged electro...