This paper briefly reviews the use of chemicals to prevent and treat bacterial diseases in aquaculture, and provides a detailed summary of the current state of knowledge on the development of bacterial resistance to antimicrobial agents in fish and shellfish. The topics covered include mechanisms of resistance, resistance of bacterial fish pathogens, resistance to antibacterial agents associate...

Success of the shrimp aquaculture industry requires technological advances that increase production and environmental sustainability. Indoor, superintensive, aquaculture systems are being developed that permit year-round production of farmed shrimp at high densities. These systems are intended to overcome problems of disease susceptibility and of water quality issues from waste products, by ope...

Offshore aquaculture is increasingly viewed as a mechanism to meet growing protein demand for seafood, while minimizing adverse consequences on the environment and other uses in the oceans. However, despite growing interest in offshore aquaculture, there appears to be no consensus as to what measures commonly define an offshore site or how effects of offshore aquaculture—relative to more nearsh...

Food security can be defined as “secure access to enough food at all times.” Aquaculture can affect human food security by increasing income and thus enlarging the capacity to purchase food on the market. In this study, however, the primary concern is with the aquaculture product as food, not as a commodity of economic value to its producers and sellers. The major impact of aquaculture’s produc...

Half of the world's edible seafood comes from aquaculture, and the United States (US) government is working to develop an offshore finfish aquaculture industry in federal waters. To date, US aquaculture has largely been regulated at the state level, and creating an offshore aquaculture industry will require the development of a new regulatory structure. Some aquaculture practices involve hazard...

China is facing intense coastal eutrophication. Large-scale seaweed aquaculture in China is popular, now accounting for over 2/3's of global production. Here, we estimate the nutrient removal capability of large-scale Chinese seaweed farms to determine its significance in mitigating eutrophication. We combined estimates of yield and nutrient concentration of Chinese seaweed aquaculture to quant...

THE SCIENCE OF VIRGINIA’S AQUACULTURE FEED PRICES. Brian L. Nerrie, Virginia Cooperative Extension, Virginia State University, Petersburg, VA 23806. Aquaculture feed costs are between 50-60% of the operating expenses. Aquaculture’s growth has resulted from improved knowledge of the nutritional requirements of aquacultured products. Initially nutrients were supplied by natural pond foods, and la...

Aquaculture is often viewed narrowly as intensive culture of salmon and shrimp to provide high value products for luxury markets and is often associated with environmental degradation. The promotion of aquaculture for rural development has had a poor record in many developing countries, especially in Africa. This paper shows that aquaculture does contribute to the livelihoods of the poor, parti...

Closed-system aquaculture presents a new and expanding commercial opportunity; however, presently there are few profitable commercial operations. Intensive aquaculture systems require a sufficient supply of oxygen and nutrients in temperaturecontrolled water with a means of removing wastes from the system. In properly controlled recirculating aquaculture systems, stocking rates of up to one-hal...