Quasi-alphabetic tree bimorphisms [Steinby and Tîrn uc : Syntax-Directed Translations and Quasi-Alphabetic Tree Bimorphisms. Proc. CIAA, LNCS 4783:265 276, 2007] are reconsidered. It is known that the class of (string) translations de ned by such bimorphisms coincides with the class of syntax-directed translations. This result is extended to a smaller class of tree bimorphisms namely (linear an...

Alphabetic trees are trees without any internal edge crossing despite an imposed total order on their leaf nodes This paper presents a systematic procedure for generating all alphabetic trees on a given number of leaf nodes under bounded degree and or bounded height criteria The number of such trees is calculated and used to derive upper bounds on the complexity of the corresponding alphabetic ...

Alphabet letters and non-letter shapes are dissociated at the early visual processing stage, which was demonstrated by positive congruence effect for non-letters and negative congruence effect for letters. The present study reviewed attempts extending those findings into other orthographic system, kanji and kana in Japanese. Letters and pseudo-letters were targets in a choice-response task. Tar...

In alphabetic orthographies, letter identification is a critical process during the recognition of visually presented words. In the present experiment, we examined whether and when visual form influences letter processing in two very distinct alphabets (Roman and Arabic). Disentangling visual versus abstract letter representations was possible because letters in the Roman alphabet may look visu...

Recent studies in alphabetic writing systems have investigated whether the status of letters as consonants or vowels influences the perception and processing of written words. Here, we examined to what extent the organisation of consonants and vowels within words affects performance in a syllable counting task in English. Participants were asked to judge the number of syllables in written words...

BACKGROUND The dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4) has been linked to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and reading disorders. In this study, we examined whether diminished anticipatory dopamine cell firing - typical of the long variant of the DRD4 allele - is related to emergent and advanced alphabetic skills, and whether executive attention is a mediator between this allele and alp...

Previous bilingual studies showed reduced hemispheric asymmetry in visual tasks such as face perception in bilinguals compared with monolinguals, which suggested that hemispheric asymmetry in visual tasks could be modulated by experience in reading one or two languages. Here we examined whether difference in hemispheric asymmetry in visual tasks can also be observed in bilinguals who have diffe...