Fast-flow perfusion and flash photolysis of caged compounds were used to study the activation kinetics of L-type calcium current (ICa) in frog cardiac myocytes. Rapid exposure to isoproterenol (Iso) for 1 s or approximately 1 min produced similar kinetics of increase in ICa with an initial lag period of approximately 3 s, followed by a monophasic rise in current with a half-time of approximatel...

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) have improved overall survival (OS) in patients (pts) with advanced melanoma, neoadjuvant ICIs can induce tumor regression pts resectable melanoma. Targeting other co-inhibitory receptors, such as lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3) or immunoglobulin ITIM domain...

Accumulating evidence indicates that immune impairment in persistent viral infections could lead to T-cell exhaustion. To evaluate the potential contribution of induction of negative costimulatory molecules to impaired T-cell responses, we primed naïve T cells with mature monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDCs) pulsed with HIV-1 in vitro. We used quantitative real-time polymerase chain reactio...

APPENDIX BIPHASIC RESPONSE AS A MECHANISM AGAINST MUTANT 4 TAKEOVER IN TISSUE HOMEOSTASIS CIRCUITS ............................................................. 1 5 Appendix Section S1. Modeling the growth rate of cells in tissue homeostasis circuits. .............. 2 6 Appendix Section S2. Modeling input delay in feedback homeostasis circuits. ............................ 4 7 Appendix Section ...

Recently, dysfunction of antigen-specific T cells is well documented as T-cell exhaustion and has been defined by the loss of effector functions during chronic infections and cancer in human. The exhausted T cells are characterized phenotypically by the surface expression of immunoinhibitory receptors, such as programmed death 1 (PD-1), lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG-3), T-cell immunoglobuli...

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the second commonest type of skin cancer. Moreover, about 90% of head and neck cancers are SCCs. SCCs develop at a significantly higher rate under chronic immunosuppressive conditions, implicating a role of immune surveillance in controlling SCCs. It remains largely unknown how SCCs evade immune recognition. Here, we established a mouse model by injecting tumor ...