نتایج جستجو برای: toxicity studies

تعداد نتایج: 1520932  

2011
Kathryn E. Clark Raymond M. David Richard Guinn Kurt W. Kramarz Mark A. Lampi Charles A. Staples

Humans are potentially exposed to phthalate esters (PEs) through ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact. Studies quantifying exposure to PEs include "biomarker studies" and "indirect studies." Biomarker studies use measurements of PE metabolites in urine to back-calculate exposure to the parent diester, while indirect studies use the concentration of the PE in each medium of exposure and the...

2005
R. F. WHELAN

1 Direct effect of adrenaline—intra-arterial infusion a Effect of antagonists b Local dilator effect of adrenaline c Influence of the skin circulation d The receptor concept e Role of metabolites / Effects on different parts of the vascular bed 2 Indirect effect of adrenaline—intravenous infusion a Sympathetic nerves b Histamine c Lactic acid d Thyroid e Isopropylnoradrenaline / Respiratory eff...

2015
Yin-Hsiu Chen Kelly K Ferguson John D Meeker Thomas F McElrath Bhramar Mukherjee

BACKGROUND It is of critical importance to evaluate the role of environmental chemical exposures in premature birth. While a number of studies investigate this relationship, most utilize single exposure measurements during pregnancy in association with the outcome. The studies with repeated measures of exposure during pregnancy employ primarily cross-sectional analyses that may not be fully lev...

2017
Jasmine Chong Jianguo Xia

The study of the microbiome, the totality of all microbes inhabiting the host or an environmental niche, has experienced exponential growth over the past few years. The microbiome contributes functional genes and metabolites, and is an important factor for maintaining health. In this context, metabolomics is increasingly applied to complement sequencing-based approaches (marker genes or shotgun...

2015

Donor urine obtained for a drug study was collected from donors reporting no use of prescription, overthe-counter or herbal preparations in the eight days prior to donation. However, LC/MS analysis showed that a number of non-endogenous compounds were detected in this urine. To identify the compounds, information from the mass spectral data set was used in a search of the Human Metabolome datab...

2006
Annika Hanberg Johan Högberg Marika Berglund Inger Bensryd Staffan Skerfving Mikael Remberger Antonia Calafat Malin Appelgren Agneta Falk Filipsson Bo Jansson Helen Håkansson

Addresses: 1 Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden. 2 Section of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital of Lund, Sweden. 3 IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute Ltd. BOX 210 60, SE-100 31 Stockholm Sweden. 4 Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Centre for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Contro...

Journal: :Molecules 2015
Olga Michalak Mariusz M Gruza Anna Witkowska Iwona Bujak Piotr Cmoch

A physicochemical characterization of the process-related impurities associated with the synthesis of pemetrexed disodium was performed. The possibility of pemetrexed impurities forming has been mentioned in literature, but no study on their structure has been published yet. This paper describes the development of the synthesis methods for these compounds and discusses their structure elucidati...

2014
Kathleen R. Attfield Michael D. Hughes John D. Spengler Chensheng Lu

BACKGROUND Children are exposed to pesticides from many sources and routes, including dietary and incidental ingestion, dermal absorption, and inhalation. Linking health outcomes to these exposures using urinary metabolites requires understanding temporal variability within subjects to avoid exposure misclassification. OBJECTIVES We characterized the within- and between-child variability of u...

Journal: :Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals 2005
Dennis A Smith R Scott Obach

Recent attention has been given to the potential roles that metabolites could play in safety evaluations of new drugs. In 2002, a proposal was published on "metabolites in safety testing" ("MIST"), which suggested some guidelines regarding when it is necessary to provide greater assessment of the safety of metabolites. However, this proposal was based on relative abundance values, i.e., the per...

Journal: :Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology 2012
Kevin Hochstenbach D M van Leeuwen H Gmuender R W Gottschalk S B Stølevik U C Nygaard M Løvik B Granum E Namork H M Meltzer J C Kleinjans J H M van Delft Henk van Loveren

A crucial period for the development of the immune system occurs in utero. This results in a high fetal vulnerability to immunotoxic exposure, and indeed, immunotoxic effects have been reported, demonstrating negative effects on immune-related health outcomes and immune functionality. Within the NewGeneris cohort BraMat, a subcohort of the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa), immunot...

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