BACKGROUND Smoking has been associated with Graves' disease, but it remains unclear if the association is present in other thyroid disorders. OUTCOME VARIABLES Graves' disease, Graves' ophthalmopathy, toxic nodular goitre, non-toxic goitre, post-partum thyroid disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, or hypothyroidism. MATERIAL AND METHODS A search of MEDLINE identified 25 studies on the associati...

Thyroid-associated Ophthalmopathy (TAO) is an ocular condition that frequently manifests with thyroid disfunction, and the most common extrathyroidal manifestation of Graves’ disease. It involves organ specific autoimmune reaction can affect gland, orbital periorbital tissue. The primarily affects women it commonest cause unilateral bilateral axial proptosis in young middle -aged adults. clinic...

Although ophthalmopathy is mainly associated with Graves' hyperthyroidism, milder eye changes are also found in about 25% of patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT). The recent finding of negative thyrotropin receptor (TSHR) antibodies, as measured in the Thyretain™ thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI) reporter bioassay, in patients with euthyroid Graves' disease raises the possibility t...

Thyroid associated ophthalmopathy (TAO), a cardinal clinical pointer to diagnose Graves' disease (GD), is seen less frequently in our country than in the West, but can have sight threatening consequences. Smoking, diabetes, male gender, increasing age and radioactive iodine treatment for thyrotoxicosis are known precipitating factors for TAO. We report four cases of thiazolidinediones (TZD) pre...

introduction: aim of the study was to determine the efficacy of minor lateral tarsorrhaphy in conjunction with levator muscle recession in thyroid ophthalmopathic patients with severe lid retraction in order to correct the temporal flare in these patients methods: in a before-after clinical trial study, 22 eyelids of 12 patients with severe lid retraction underwent surgery by this method and th...

Ophthalmopathy related to thyroid disease is due mainly to diffuse periorbital or eye muscle inflammation. It is more common in Grave’s hyperthyroidism and rare in Hashimoto’s hypothyroidism. Here we report a case of recurrent oculomotor nerve palsy associated with autoimmune hypothyroidism. Brain MRI revealed enhancement of the oculomotor nerves. Despite thyroid hormone replacement therapy, oc...

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder of the thyroid gland with characteristic peripheral manifestations. The most common clinical findings include ophthalmopathy in 30% of patients, dermopathy (pretibial myxedema) in 4% of patients, and thyroid acropachy in 1% of patients. The triad of exophthalmos, pretibial myxedema, and acropachy occurs in less than 1% of patients. We present a case of ...