Statistical methods are used to some extent in virtually all areas of science, technology, public affairs, and private enterprise. The variety of applications makes any single unifying discussion difficult if not impossible. We concentrate on the role of statistics in research in the natural and social sciences and the associated technologies. Our aim is to give a relatively nontechnical discus...

A theoretical model is developed in which both buybacks and the adoption of an IMF programme can be used as screening devices which enable a creditor to discriminate between debtor countries which are willing to use debt relief in order to invest and repay and countries which are not. Asymmetric information is assumed. This problem can be solved if the country has su¢cient resources to engage i...

International organizations (IOs) often drive policy change in member countries. Given IOs' limited political leverage over a country, previous research argues that IOs rely on combination of hard pressures (i.e., conditionality) and soft socialization) to attain their goals. Expanding this literature, we hypothesize can enhance through loan conditions aimed at enhancing the independence key ad...

Welfare conditionality where social security payments are conditional on recipients undertaking tasks such as training, submitting job applications and taking part in “work-like” activities, is an enduring punitive feature of contemporary welfare provision global North economics. In Australia, or mutual obligation it commonly referred to, continually targeted at specific groups single women Fir...

We examine how conditionality inherent to the real-life training data sets influences forecasting and decision-making by analyzing examples that range from behavioral logic machine learning. For learning or other systematic methods, we outline a process-driven approach better navigate improve decisions in situations with obscure difficult capture conditionality. implementation of these techniqu...