In the context of the study of modality in interaction with time, the phenomenon whereby a modalized proposition entails its non-modal counterpart has been known as an ‘actuality entailment’ since Bhatt (1999). The question that actuality entailments raise is how modal statements can be distinguished from their non-modal counterparts and how modal contributes meaning. The main idea that the pap...

The article presents a new view on Chinese modal verbs as part of speech. Based the typology language, authors analyzed according to their functional-syntactic, formal-morphological, and semantic features in order importance. discusses position operators sentence other characteristics. For instance, have no impact object cannot independently form sentences or combine with grammemes. Therefore, ...

The article investigates an overlooked development in the history of English modals, namely regularization their plural inflection Middle (e.g. prs.ind.pl shulleþ for expected shullen ). Using LAEME and eLALME atlases a number electronic corpora, I document frequency dialectal distribution such regularized modal verbs. It is shown that shall was fairly common Late English, can less so, may only...

In the context of globalization, a substantial increase in public attention to processes occurring environment caused by climate crisis and global warming, so-called ‘green agenda’ is gaining significant importance. Undoubtedly, human language plays one most important roles all aspects life. Therefore, even more are consequences ‘cognitive revolution’ mid-late twentieth century which made it po...

We report two experiments which address the question of whether there is support for single or dual mechanisms in the processing of Polish regular and irregular nouns and verbs. The data from an immediate cross-modal priming experiment (verbs and nouns) revealed that there was significant priming, irrespective of regularity, for both verbs and nouns. The results for verbs were replicated in a s...

We attack two problems here: First, we want to combine a modal accessibility relation with a preferential relation in a modal language. This problem is solved by adding a complementary modality. Second, we want to characterize obligations syntactically and semantically. This problem is solved sytactically by suitable disjunctions of conjunctions but not negations. Semantically, we define a Hamm...

Abstrack In this paper we define and study a propositional p-calculur Lp, which consists essentialI) ol propositional modal logic with a least fixpoint operator. Lp is syntactically simpler yet strictly nwc exprcsk~e than Propositional Dqnamic Logic (PDL). For a rtxtrictcd version \\L‘ give an cuponcntinl-time decision procedure. small model prcqwty. and complete deductive system. thcri,, wbumi...

this study contains the identification of modal dynamic properties of a 3-story large-scale steel test frame structure through shaking table measurements. shaking table test is carried out to estimate the modal properties of the test frame such as natural frequencies, damping ratios and mode shapes. among many different model structures, arx (auto recursive exogenous) model structure is used fo...