A thorough knowledge of foot and ankle anatomy is required to allow an accurate and focused examination of the injured athlete. This short review has attempted to educate the treating physician on our approach to foot and ankle injuries commonly seen in athlete. We have tried to elucidate less common injuries that present in similar manner to the more common foot and ankle sprains and strains.

BACKGROUND Currently, there is growing interest in developing ante and post mortem meat inspection (MI) to incorporate measures of pig health and welfare for use as a diagnostic tool on pig farms. However, the success of the development of the MI process requires stakeholder engagement with the process. Knowledge gaps and issues of trust can undermine the effective exchange and utilisation of i...

The relative levels of pancreatic amylase mRNA closely parallel the 3-fold variation of pancreatic amylase protein levels observed in several mouse strains studied. In contrast pancreatic elastase mRNA levels were similar in these strains. Each of the strains contained the same number of amylase-like genes (about 8). The selective variation in the pancreatic amylase gene expression could be due...

CONTEXT The burden of injuries to college ultimate players has never been fully described. OBJECTIVE To quantify the injury rate in ultimate players and describe the diagnoses, anatomic locations, and mechanisms of injuries. DESIGN Descriptive epidemiology study. SETTING College ultimate teams in the United States during the 2012 season. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Initial injury rate per 1...

1 INRA, UR1197 NeuroBiologie de l’Olfaction, Jouy-en-Josas, France, 2 Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Science, Jastrzebiec, Poland, 3 Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands, 4 Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid, Spain, 5 Department of Environmental and Health Studies, Telemark U...

Many attempts have been made to produce immunity against cancer in animals. Bowdon in 1905 ligatured the vessels supplying the tumour and obtained necrosis of such growths but it had no effect on other tumours in the same animal. In 1906 Schone used injections of emulsions of normal fcetal and adult animal tissues without success. In 1908 Bashford, Murray and Cramer used injections of normal bl...

T-cell-deficient mice, either anti-thymocyte serum treated or nude mice, were immunized with hapten (4-hydroxy-3,5-dinitrophenyl acetic acid, NNP) conjugates of syngeneic, allogeneic, or xenogeneic erythrocytes. Immunization with syngeneic conjugates led to a stronger anti-NNP response than immunization with allogeneic or xenogeneic conjugates. A study of congenic mouse strains suggested that a...

The tail-suspension test is a mouse behavioral test useful in the screening of potential antidepressant drugs, and assessing of other manipulations that are expected to affect depression related behaviors. Mice are suspended by their tails with tape, in such a position that it cannot escape or hold on to nearby surfaces. During this test, typically six minutes in duration, the resulting escape ...

Telomere length and telomerase activity directly affect the replicative capacity of primary human cells. Some have suggested that telomere length influences organismal lifespan. We compared telomere length distributions in a number of inbred and outbred established mouse strains with those of strains recently derived from wild mice. Telomere length was considerably shorter in wild-derived strai...

Individual differences in response to pharmacologic treatment limits the usefulness of mean data obtained from randomized controlled trials. These individual differences exist even in genetically uniform inbred mouse strains. While stratification can be of value in large studies, the individual patient history is the most effective currently available guide for personalized medicine in psychoph...