Introduction: Synaptic plasticity has been suggested as the primary physiological mechanism underlying memory formation. Many experimental approaches have been used to investigate whether the mechanisms underlying long-term potentiation (LTP) are activated during learning. Nevertheless, little evidence states that hippocampal-dependent learning triggers synaptic plasticity. In this study, we in...

Introduction: Previous studies have shown that vitamin A and its derivatives such as retinoid and all-trans retinoic acid have a crucial role in memory, learning and synaptic plasticity. The receptors of vitamin A are seen in different parts of the brain such as hippocampus, where vitamin A has an important role in learning. In this study, the effect of intrahippocampal (CA1) injection of al...

previous studies had reported that extracellular levels of ascorbic acid have modulatory effects on dopamine receptors. both ascorbic acid and dopamine receptor have an important role in learning and memory processes. however, the central interaction between ascorbic acid and dopamine d2 receptor on spatial learning and memory has not yet been elucidated. all experiments were carried out on mal...

Introduction: The cholinergic system plays an important role in learning and memory. Administration of either extracts of Crocus Sativus (Saffron) or its constituent, crocin, reduced ethanol-induced memory impairment. Based on the above findings, we investigated the effect of crocin in antagonizing spatial learning and memory impairment induced by scopolamine, a cholinergic receptor antagoni...

Background & Objective:  Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety reaction, which occurs as a result of encountering a seriously traumatic event during one’s lifetime. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of saffron aqueous extract and crocin on spatial memory and learning with the Barnes maze in a PTSD model on male Wistar rats (Weighting 200–250 gr). Materials & Method...

aging has negative effects on motor and cognitive functions, so it is essential to identify appropriate strategies to prevent the decrease of motor and cognitive functions. the aim of this research was to investigate the effect of vitamin e supplement on motor activity and spatial learning in aged rats. 36 male albino – wistar aged rats were assigned to three groups of control, vitamin e and sh...

Estrogen has a widespread and complex influence on brain capabilities such as learning and memory. On the other hand, hippocampus as one of the main brain structures has an important role in spatial information processing. There is some evidence on the existence of estrogen receptors in the hippocampal CA1 area. So, in this study the effect of intrahippocampal injection of estradiol benzoate on...

Aging has negative effects on motor and cognitive functions, therefore finding appropriate strategies to prevent the decline of these functions is necessary. It seems that cardiovascular fitness obtained by aerobic activity is a physiological mediator that explains the relationship between physical activity and improved cognitive performance. The aim of this research was to assess the effect...

lead (pb2+) is a well known neurotoxin that was frequently found in the environment and chronic exposure to lead has been matter of public health. in the present study the effect of lead on spatial memory in developmentally exposed rats and their dams in morris water maze task were investigated. female rats were divided into three groups and two groups exposed to 250 and 750 part per million (p...