So wrote Friedrich Nietzsche in 1873, as part of his ironic response to the success of the Philosophy of the Unconscious (Philosophie des Unbewussten, 1869), written by the Berlin philosopher Eduard von Hartmann. If the influence of a concept can be gauged by the way in which it is received by the public at large, if not in academic circles, then Hartmann’s volume, which ran to some eleven edit...

Critical thinking is defined as the mental process of actively and skillfully perception, analysis, synthesis and evaluation of collected information through observation, experience and communication that leads to a decision for action. In nursing education there is frequent reference to critical thinking and to the significance that it has in daily clinical nursing practice. Nursing clinical i...

If we accept this idea that in talking about art, there is a chasm between thought and unthought debating on art theory in the sociohistorical context of after revolutionary Iran requires at least two items in which understanding and creating art meet one another: 1) Art as door separates intelligible from sensible, rational from irrational, and logos from pathos as well and 2) Art as brid...

In the previous chapter we saw that a certain type of thinking is unavailable at the non-linguistic level. A forms of thinking which involve thinking about thought (and hence taking particular thoughts as the objects of thought) are only available to creatures participating in a public language. Thoughts can only be the objects of further thoughts if they have suitable vehicles and the only pos...

Episodic future thinking, which refers to the use of prospective imagery to concretely imagine oneself in future scenarios, has been shown to reduce delay discounting (enhance self-control). A parallel approach, in which prospective imagery is used to concretely imagine other's scenarios, may similarly reduce social discounting (i.e., enhance altruism). In study 1, participants engaged in episo...

thinking Attention Attitude Brainstorming Cognition Cognitive science Creative thinking Critical thinking Curiosity Decision Decision making Eidetic memory Emotions and feelings Emotional intelligence Goals and goal setting Idea Imagination Intelligence Introspection Lateral thinking Learning Memory Memory-prediction framework Mental calculation Mind's eye Mindset Mood Motivation Perception Per...