Anxiety is a normal behavioral component. When it too frequent or appears in inappropriate contexts, can be considered pathological. Benzodiazepines (BDZs) are drugs with clinical success anxiety treatment. BDZs act as allosteric modulators of the γ- aminobutyric acid A receptor (GABAAR). However, these cause adverse effects. Despite therapeutic advances obtained BDZs, search for anxiolytics fe...

To study the influence of the central noradrenergic system on sensitivity to sedative-hypnotic effects mediated by the aminobutyric acid (GABA) system, intact rats were contrasted with rats in which noradrenergic nerves were largely destroyed shortly after birth with the neurotoxin DSP-4 [N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine; 50 mg/kg sc x2, P1 and P3]. At 10 weeks, loss of the righting...

background: renal failure is an important adverse effect of drug poisoning. determining the prevalence and etiology of this serious side effect could help us find appropriate strategies for the prevention of renal failure in most affected patients. objectives: the present study is aimed to identify drugs that induce renal failure and also to find the prevalence of renal failure in patients refe...

Major uses Chloral hydrate (synthesized in 1832 and introduced into medicine 1869) is the oldest member of sedative-hypnotic drugs. To the same group belong paraldehyde, bromide, urethane, and sulfonal. Metabolite of chloral hydrate, trichloroethanol, is also an excellent hypnotic agent, but is not often used as such due to its physical and irritant properties. At present, chloral hydrate is la...

Insomnia is a common, often chronic medical disorder with significant medical and socioeconomic repercussions. However, unlike other medical conditions, there is intense debate as to whether the long-term treatment of insomnia is clinically appropriate. The perceived deleterious side effect of sedative-hypnotic medications may result in patients remaining untreated or undertreated. This review ...

In postmortem investigations of fatal intoxications it is often challenging to determine which drug/s caused the death. To improve the interpretation of postmortem blood concentrations of sedative and hypnotic drugs and/or clonazepam, all medico-legal autopsies in Sweden - where these drugs had been detected in femoral vein blood during 1992-2006 - were identified in the databases of the Nation...

24. Introduction to Central Nervous System Pharmacology 281 Charles R. Craig 25.General Anesthesia: Intravenous and Inhalational Agents 291 David J. Smith and Michael B. Howie 26.Opioid and Nonopioid Analgesics 310 Sandra P. Welch and Billy R. Martin 27.Local Anesthetics 330 J. David Haddox 28.Agents Affecting Neuromuscular Transmission 338 Michael D. Miyamoto 29.Central Nervous System Stimulan...

Abstract Introduction Cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) is the recommended first-line treatment, but sedative-hypnotic medications are often used first, despite contraindications and risk of misuse. This study assessed change in sedative/hypnotic use/dosage patients with chronic treated Somryst® (tested as SHUTi), a prescription digital therapeutic (PDT) delivering CBT-I. Method...

Genetically engineered animals (e.g., transgenics, gene knockouts, gene knockins) are being utilized with increasing frequency to investigate the mechanisms of action of alcohol and anesthetics. By creating and analyzing animals that harbor precise, preplanned changes in candidate genes, researchers are rapidly making progress toward uncovering how these drugs exert their effects on the central...

The GABA(A) receptors are the major inhibitory neurotransmitter receptors in mammalian brain. Each isoform consists of five homologous or identical subunits surrounding a central chloride ion-selective channel gated by GABA. How many isoforms of the receptor exist is far from clear. GABA(A) receptors located in the postsynaptic membrane mediate neuronal inhibition that occurs in the millisecond...