The physical rules governing the tearing of a packaging or piece paper are not completely elucidated despite being common phenomena in daily life. Here, we investigate how presence straight rigid object, ruler, guides fracture thin sheet within wide range pulling directions. In case isotropic brittle sheets, simple geometrical analysis shows that follows direction vector, which differs signific...

Some type systems are first described formally, to be sometimes followed by an implementation. Other type systems are first implemented as a language extension, to be sometimes retrofitted into a formal description. In neither case it is an easy task to keep both artefacts consistent. In this paper we present Ruler, a domain specific language for type rules. Our prototype compiler for Ruler bot...

BACKGROUND The assessment of individuals at risk of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) includes the assessment of the craniofacial features that can result from prenatal alcohol exposure. The characteristic facial features of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) consist of short palpebral fissures, smooth or flattened philtrum, and thin vermilion border of the upper lip. There are various methods ...

the year 736 ah (1335 ce), death of the mongol ruler, sultan abu saeed, is known as the year in which the ilkhanid government collapsed in iran. in pursuit of legitimacy, however, the ilkhanid chiefs and viziers would give the crown to any claimant of genghis’ parentage and would govern the country under their name. as a result, they would give the rulership to some puppet ilkhans, mint coins i...

Locating sensors in an indoor environment is a challenging problem due to the insufficient distance measurements caused by short ultrasound range and the incorrect distance measurements caused by multipath effect of ultrasound. In this paper, we propose a virtual ruler approach, in which a vehicle equipped with multiple ultrasound beacons travels around the area to measure distances between pai...

Recently nature–inspired algorithms have widespread use throughout the tough and time consuming multi–objective scientific and engineering design optimization problems. In this paper, we present extended forms of firefly algorithm to find optimal Golomb ruler (OGR) sequences. The OGRs have their one of the major application as unequally spaced channel–allocation algorithm in optical wavelength ...

The Golomb Ruler Problem asks to position n integer marks on a ruler such that all pairwise distances between the marks are distinct and the ruler has minimum total length. It is a very challenging combinatorial problem, and provably optimal rulers are only known for n up to 26. Lower bounds can be obtained using Linear Programming formulations, but these are computationally expensive for large...