Osmolytes are small organic compounds that confer to the cell an enhanced adaptability to external conditions. Many osmolytes not only protect the cell from osmotic stress but also stabilize the native structure of proteins. While simplified models able to predict changes to protein stability are available, a general physicochemical explanation of the underlying microscopic mechanism is still m...

Electro-osmotic flow, the driving of fluid at nano- or micro-scales with electric field, has found numerous applications, ranging from pumping to chemical and biomedical analyses in micro-devices. Electro-osmotic flow exhibits a puzzling hysteretic behavior when two fluids with different concentrations displace one another. The flow rate is faster when a higher concentration solution displaces ...

one of the most important structural components of engine compartment assembly in a car body is the srail. s-rails has significant role in absorbing energy during crash events and therefore it is designed for efficient behavior in such conditions. driving the peak crushing force of the s-rails is one of the important objectives in the design process of such structures. peak crushing force is ex...

The driving force on an Abrikosov vortex is calculated numerically from the London equation and involved energies for a vortex perpendicular to the screening current near the surface of a superconductor. Compared with previous analytical derivation of the total force, the partial magnetic, kinematic, and external forces are also obtained so that the nature of the driving force may be deeply dis...

During peritoneal dialysis, peritoneal cells are repeatedly exposed to a non-physiological hypertonic environment with high glucose content and low pH. Current sterile dialysis solutions cause inflammation in the submesothelial compact zone that leads to fibrosis, neoangiogenesis, progressive increases in solute transfer and even ultrafiltration failure. The peritoneal dysfunction will further ...

Double-stranded DNA bacteriophages are highly pressurized, providing a force driving ejection of a significant fraction of the genome from its capsid. In P22-like Podoviridae, internal proteins ("E proteins") are packaged into the capsid along with the genome, and without them the virus is not infectious. However, little is known about how and when these proteins come out of the virus. We emplo...

soil compaction is an important aspect of agriculture and different methods are available to measure this parameter. one method is called the cone index; measuring the force required per unit area for penetration of a standard steel cone into the ground. cone penetrometers are used for cone index measurement. in this study, a tractor mounted, hydraulically-operated penetrometer was designed, bu...

l. After injection of NaCl into the abdominal hemocoel of BIaberus craniifer, the osmotic concentration of antenna1 hemolymph peaked at 1.25 hr and returned to pre-injection concentration by 21 hr. The mean plasma clearance was 2.67 @/hr. 2. Force-feeding of water 15min after injection of NaCl prevented the early rise in hemolymph osmotic concentration, but a later gradual increase in osmotic c...

In lens cataract, the clouding change in the lens leads to a decline of transparency of a part of the lens. There are three types of senile cataract: cortical cataract, nuclear cataract, and posterior/anterior sub-capsular cataract. The cataract that develops in most old people is cortical cataract. The clouding change in senile cortical cataract begins from the edge of the lens and develops pr...

Preamble van't Hoff, a world-renowned scientist, studied and worked on the osmotic pressure and chemical dynamics research to win the first Nobel Prize in Chemistry. For more than a century, his osmotic pressure formula has been written in the physical chemistry textbooks around the world and has been generally considered to be "impeccable" classical theory. But after years of research authors ...