Several children struggle with vision difficulties caused by problematic coordination between their left and right eye muscles, i.e., oculomotor dysfunction (OMD). Many OMDs can be improved training the eyes via physical exercises defined supervised experts. The aim of this paper is to investigate feasibility utilizing Serious Games (SGs) eye-tracking technologies (ETs) for having OMD. Via thes...

Despite their importance for deciphering oculomotor commands, the mechanics of the extraocular muscles and orbital tissues (oculomotor plant) are poorly understood. In particular, the significance of plant nonlinearities is uncertain. Here primate plant dynamics were investigated by measuring the eye movements produced by stimulating the abducens nucleus with brief pulse trains of varying frequ...

The organization of the motoneuron subgroups in the brainstem controlling each extraocular eye muscle is highly stable through the vertebrate species. The subgroups are topographically organized in the oculomotor nucleus (III) and are usually considered to form the final common pathway for eye muscle control. Eye muscles contain a unique type of slow non-twitch, fatigue-resistant muscle fiber, ...

Eye movements are realized in hardware with controlling an optic axis according to the movement types of an object and a head using artificial neural network. Saccadic and smooth pursuit eye movements are realized as an autokinesis, and compensatory eye movement as a reflex by a hardware mechanism. In order to have basic optic axis movements, by which an object is caught in a central pit of ret...

METHODS. The oculomotor complex was investigated in monkeys and cats by use of histochemistry to demonstrate nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase positive (NADPHdþ) cells and antibodies to localize neuronal nitric oxide synthase positive (NOSþ) cells. In some cases, wheat germ agglutinin conjugated horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) was injected into extraocular muscles to allow...

Extraocular motoneurons resist degeneration in diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The main objective of the present work was to characterize the presence of neurotrophins in extraocular motoneurons and muscles of the adult rat. We also compared these results with those obtained from other cranial motor systems, such as facial and hypoglossal, which indeed suffer neurodegeneration. ...

Horizontal eye movements in humans and other vertebrates are actuated by the lateral and medial rectus muscles that are innervated by the abducens and oculomotor nuclei. Here we show by single-cell recording in the pigeon that there exist three types of abducens neurons in terms of discharge patterns, which generate the shift and/or oscillation components of a horizontal saccadic eye movement. ...

Purpose The eye and its accessory structures, the optic nerve and the extraocular muscles, form a complex dynamic system. In vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of this system in motion can have substantial benefits in understanding oculomotor functioning in health and disease, but has been restricted to date to imaging of static gazes only. The purpose of this work was to develop a technique...

Evoked potentials were recorded from the oculomotor nucleus in decerebrate cats following electrical stimulation of individual muscle branches of the oculomotor nerve. These potentials were usually triphasic but other more complex potentials were evoked depending on the positions of the recording electrode. Equipotential contour maps of the evoked electrical fields were plotted at different tim...