This paper exploits a natural experiment to document adverse selection among prime consumer credit borrowers in the US. In our setting, some borrowers are offered only a short term loan while an observationally equivalent set of borrowers is offered the same short term loan as well as an additional long maturity option. We isolate adverse selection from the causal effect of maturity on repaymen...

There are two widely accepted notions of behavioural equivalence, formalizing the idea of observational indistinguishability: observational equivalence for algebras (which are models for sequential systems) and bisimulation equivalence (bisimilarity) for concurrent processes. In this paper we show that the observational equivalences for standard, partial and regular algebras are bisimulation eq...

Computation can bemodelled as a sequence of values, each broadcast by one agent and instantaneously audible to all those in parallel with it. Listening agents receive the value; others lose it. Subsystems interface via translators; these can scramble values and thus hide or restrict them. Examples show the calculus describing this model to be a powerful and natural programming tool. Weak bisimu...

abstract: in contrast to traditional reviews, systematic reviews explore theliterature on a specific topic comprehensively using a well-defined protocol and recruit the findings of eligible studies after the assessment of their qualities, using a clear and reproducible method. checking the assumptions, we may merge the findings of recruited studies in a systematic review and use metaanalysis te...

Within complex scientific domains such as pharmacology, operational equivalence between two concepts is often context-, userand task-specific. Existing Linked Data integration procedures and equivalence services do not take the context and task of the user into account. We present a vision for enabling users to control the notion of operational equivalence by applying scientific lenses over Lin...

The fully abstract games model of Reynolds’s Idealized Algol is adapted to provide a characterization of the language without the “bad variable constructor” mkvar. The model shows that the addition of mkvar to the language is conservative for observational equivalence but not for the observational preorder.

The STROBE (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) statement was first published in 2007 and again in 2014. The purpose of the original STROBE was to provide guidance for authors, reviewers, and editors to improve the comprehensiveness of reporting; however, STROBE has a unique focus on observational studies. Although much of the guidance provided by the original ...

We first develop a (semantical) characterization of call-byneed normalization by means of typability, i.e. we show that a term is normalizing in call-by-need if and only if it is typable in a suitable system with non-idempotent intersection types. This first result is used to derive a new completeness proof of call-by-need w.r.t. call-by-name. Concretely, we show that call-by-need and call-by-n...

Observational learning is probably one of the most powerful factors determining progress during child development. When learning a new skill, infants rely on their own exploration; but they also frequently benefit from an adult's verbal support or from demonstration by an adult modeling the action. At what age and under what conditions does adult demonstration really help the infant to learn a ...