Planning with forced goal-ordering (FGO) constraints has been proposed many times over the years, but there are still major difficulties in realizing these FGOs in plan generation. In certain planning domains, all the FGOs exist in the initial state. No matter which approach is adopted to achieve a subgoal, all the subgoals should be achieved in a given sequence from the initial state. Otherwis...

rational knowledge-claims, consisting of theoretical propositions expressing a judgment about complex urban problems, are not new. the audiences, i.e. the public whose lives are affected by such claims, have begun to question the claims of rationality in urban planning. in response, each urban planner, believing in a particular theory or point of reference, endeavors to challenge competing theo...

1. introduction language teachers frequently observe a gap between their students' potential competence and their performance in the class. anderson (1993) attributes this to the fact that human has a limited processing capacity and is not able to attend to various aspects of a task simultaneously. this limitation causes l2 learners not to be able to focus on both meaning and form at the same t...