Bilateral agreements signed or that entered into force between 1 January 2020 to 31 December 2021 and; Multilateral signed/acceded/ratified 2021.
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India needs reliable good quality database and methodologies for designing, implementing and monitoring climate-friendly policies. This paper focuses on the database needs for policies in the context of multilateral frameworks. It provides suggestions to the Central Statistical Organization (CSO for improving the adequacy and quality of environmental statistics relating to climate change in Ind...

in the early stage of the twentieth century, iran passed one of its significant turning point domestically and internationally. during these years, which coincided with the last decades of the qajar dynasty, iran participated in multilateral diplomatic processes in spite of its weak internal and external power position. this research, while cognitive of the centrality of geneva based intergover...

Are negotiators who rely on justice principles in the process of bargaining and drafting agreements more—or rather less—effective than others? This article examines whether adherence to principles of procedural and distributive justice in negotiations contributes to more effective results, with a focus on international environmental negotiations. Effectiveness is defined in terms of the extent ...

Increasing attention has been focused in recent years on the need for multilateral negotiation processes in the disarmament and arms control field to “think outside the box” in addressing contemporary challenges. But beyond recognition that there are imperfections in current approaches, it is not always clear that the parameters of the existing box are sufficiently understood or, indeed, what t...

I examine if and how a superpower can use its asymmetric power to achieve favorable outcomes in multilateral bargaining between states that have conflicting interests and veto power. Using a game-theoretic framework, I show that the ability to act outside, either unilaterally or with an ally, helps the superpower to reach agreements that would be vetoed in the absence of the outside option. The...

This article examines new multilateral food and agriculture development programs implemented in response to the 2008 Global Food Crisis. These programs, which seek to increase agricultural investment and production in developing countries, have gained wide currency among donors, recipient governments and multilateral organizations. Given the significant financial and political resources committ...