A common heuristic for solving Partial ly Observable Markov Decision Problems POMDPs is to rst solve the underlying Markov Decision Process MDP and then con struct a POMDP policy by performing a xed depth lookahead search in the POMDP and evaluating the leaf nodes using the MDP value function A problem with this approximation is that it does not account for the need to choose actions in order t...

So far, there is no report regarding the micro-Raman vibrational fingerprint of the bonds between 10-methacryloyloxy-decyl dihydrogen phosphate (10-MDP) and zirconia ceramics. Thus, the aim of this study was to identify the Raman vibrational peaks related to the bonds of 10-MDP with zirconia, as well as the influence on microshear bond strength. Micro-Raman spectroscopy was employed to assess t...

Mentorship is crucial for academic productivity and advancement for clinical and translational (CT) science faculty. However, little is known about the long-term effects of mentor training programs. The University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), Clinical and Translational Science Institute launched a Mentor Development Program (MDP) in 2007 for CT faculty. We report on an evaluation of the...

Changes in the three-dimensional structures of the myoepithelium of the dilator pupillae (MDP) during mydriasis and miosis were investigated in the rat by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Following fixation, SEM specimens were treated with sodium hydroxide to expose the muscle surface. Significant morphological differences were noted in the anterior...

Nod2 is a cytosolic pattern recognition receptor. It has been implicated in many inflammatory conditions. Its signaling has been suggested to modulate TLR responses in a variety of ways, yet little is known about the mechanistic details of the process. We show in this study that Nod2 knockdown mouse peritoneal macrophages secrete more IL1β than normal macrophages when stimulated with peptidogly...

Muramyl dipeptide (MDP) is a bacterial pathogen associated molecular pattern derived from both Gram-positive and -negative bacteria. It is a specific ligand for nuclear oligomerization domain 2, a pattern recognition receptor best characterized for its role in immunosurveillance in the gut. In this study, we demonstrate that human peripheral blood NK cells express nuclear oligomerization domain...

Sleep-promoting activities of muramyl dipeptide (MDP) (NAc-Mur-L-ala-D-isogln) and the naturally occurring muramyl peptide(s), factor S, have recently been demonstrated. We now have amplified our understanding of structural requirements for somnogenic activity. The effects of several analogs of MDP on rabbit slow-wave sleep are presented and these results are compared to the dose-response relat...

We consider an agent interacting with an environment in a single stream of actions, observations, and rewards, with no reset. This process is not assumed to be a Markov Decision Process (MDP). Rather, the agent has several representations (mapping histories of past interactions to a discrete state space) of the environment with unknown dynamics, only some of which result in an MDP. The goal is ...

An optimal solution of the call admission control and routing problem in multi-service loss networks, in terms of average reward per time unit, is possible by modeling the network behavior as a Markov decision process (MDP). However, even after applying the standard link independence assumption, the solution of the corresponding set of link problems may involve considerable numerical computatio...