purpose: to estimate the magnitude and causes of visual impairment (vi) in subjects aged ≥ 50 years in varamin district in 2009 using the proposed method by the world health organization (who). method: this cross sectional population based survey was performed in varamin targeting people over the age of 50 years using the proportional probabilities to size and cluster compact segment sampling m...

Man is a social creature; he derives his livelihood and his pleasure from communication, through sight and hearing, with others and with his environment. Deafness will impair this communication and, if present from birth, may hinder or even prevent its development. Children born with a hearing loss the prelingual deaf have a much greater problem than those who acquire deafness after language de...

Throughout the last century the clinical audiological field has seen a substantial development – nearly a revolution – in technology with the introduction and implementation of equipment for detection of hearing-impaired children, for diagnostic testing of hearing disorders, for restoration of hearing by surgery and for amelioration of hearing impairment (HI) – even profound by hearing instrume...

Aflatoxins are toxic secondary fungal metabolites that contaminate dietary staples in tropical regions; chronic high levels of exposure are common for many of the poorest populations. Observations in animals indicate that growth and/or food utilization are adversely affected by aflatoxins. This review highlights the development of validated exposure biomarkers and their use here to assess the r...

The aims of this study are to compare quantitative and qualitative differences for noun/verb retrieval across language-impaired groups, examine naming errors with reference to psycholinguistic models of word processing, and shed light on the nature of the naming deficit as well as determine relevant group commonalities and differences. This includes an attempt to establish whether error types d...

Cystinuria is an inherited metabolic disorder progressing with recurrent kidney stones due to impaired reabsorption of dibasic amino acids and arises from mutations in the SLC3A1 SLC7A9 on chromosome 2. Here, we present case a 1-year 10-month-old male child episodes urinary tract infections. On evaluation, duplex kidneys large bladder calculus were found which was surgically managed. Stone anal...