Introduction The availability of hypothalamic-releasing hormones together with reliable assays of pituitary hormones in plasma have provided the means of accurate assessment of hypothalamic-pituitary function. A case is described of clinical hypopituitarism following radiotherapy to the head and neck, in which the use of these pituitary function tests has demonstrated damage at the hypothalamic...

Defective liver gluconeogenesis is the main mechanism leading to fasting hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes, and, in concert with steatosis, it is the hallmark of hepatic insulin resistance. Experimental obesity results, at least in part, from hypothalamic inflammation, which leads to leptin resistance and defective regulation of energy homeostasis. Pharmacological or genetic disruption of hypoth...

Dexmedetomidine is generally used for sedaton in critically ill, it could shorten duration of mechanical ventilation, ICU stay and lower basic metabolism. However, the exact mechanism of these positive effects remains unkown. Here we investigated the hypothesis that dexmedetomidine could ameliorate muscle wasting in endotoxemic rats and whether it was related to hypothalamic neuropeptides alter...

Within the central nervous system (CNS), the hypothalamus senses and integrates information on the nutrient state of the body. However, the molecular mechanisms translating nutrient sensing into changes in gene expression and, ultimately, nutrient intake remain unclear. A crucial function for the cyclic AMP-response element binding protein (CREB) co-activator CREB-regulated transcription co-act...

The present study was conducted to quantify in vitro gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) release parameters in the male marmoset. We established primary cultures of marmoset hypothalamic tissues for approximately 2 days (marmosets) to assess GnRH release profiles in vitro in hypothalamic explants from testis-intact and gonadectomized males. Pulsatile GnRH release profiles were readily demonst...

Reproductive function involves an interaction of three regulatory levels: hypothalamus, pituitary, and gonad. The primary drive upon this system comes from hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurosecretory cells, which receive afferent inputs from other neurotransmitter systems in the central nervous system to result in the proper coordination of reproduction and the environment...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) with the use of the suture technique causes hypothalamic damage with subsequent hyperthermia, which can confound neuroprotective drug studies. In the present study the neuroprotective effects of dizocilpine (MK-801) were compared in different permanent MCAO models with and without hypothalamic damage and hyperthermia. ME...

Obesity is a Health issue around the world. Obesity is not limited to body weight, generally associated with low grade inflammation and with a cluster of disorders generally referred to as "metabolic syndrome". Regarding obesity and relapse, long-term concentration was set on the hypothalamus. Most recently,obesity- Originated neuroinflammation has been shown to affect other brain str...

The hypothalamus in the brain is the main center for appetite control and integrates signals from adipose tissue and the gastrointestinal tract. Antidepressants are known to modulate the activities of hypothalamic neurons and affect food intake, but the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which antidepressants modulate hypothalamic function remain unclear. Here we have investigated how hypotha...