The generation of robust T-cell-dependent humoral immune responses requires the formation and expansion of germinal center structures within the follicular regions of the secondary lymphoid tissues. B-cell proliferation in the germinal center drives ongoing antigen-dependent selection and the generation of high-affinity class-switched plasma and memory B cells. However, the mechanisms regulatin...

Objective(s): Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) potentials make them appropriate for cell therapy including ability of differentiation and release of anti-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors secreta. For treatment of azoospermia to induce proliferation and differentiation of germ cells, MSCs transplantation has been introduced. The aim of the present experimental case-c...

Stem cells in various somatic tissues (bone marrow, skeletal muscle) can be identified by the 'Side Population' marker based on Hoechst 33342 efflux. We show that mouse testicular cells also display a 'Side Population' that express Bcrp1 mRNA, the ABC transporter responsible for Hoechst efflux in hematopoietic cells. Inhibition of Hoechst efflux by specific BCRP1 inhibitor Ko143 show that germi...

the changes of total calcium content of persian sturgeon, acipenser persicus follicles were investigated during different stages of germinal vesicle migration. total calcium content increased during maturation and ripening of the oocytes i.e. migration of nucleus toward the animal pole. according to data, the total calcium of follicles with polarization index (pi: the ratio of the distance of t...

The present study deals with an immunocytochemical localization of S-100 protein in the rat lymph nodes and spleen. The immunoreactivity for S-100 was contained in the reticular cells within the germinal center. The immunoreactive cells possessed a scanty perinuclear cytoplasm and extended slender cytoplasmic processes among lymphocytes. No cell outside the germinal center showed any immunoreac...

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is a transcription factor that regulates lipid and glucose metabolism. Although studies of PPARγ ligands have demonstrated its regulatory functions in inflammation and adaptive immunity, its intrinsic role in T cells and autoimmunity has yet to be fully elucidated. Here we used CD4-PPARγKO mice to investigate PPARγ-deficient T cells, whic...

Background Follicular T helper (Tfh) cells provide key help for B cell differentiation into plasma and memory are essential in germinal center formation (auto) antibody generation (1). Objectives To gain more insights the role of Tfh RA development, we assessed whether have an altered frequency, phenotype cytokine profile peripheral blood, lymphoid synovial tissues during earliest stages develo...

Bounoure (1934) first described the presence in the egg of the frog Rana temporaria of a special cytoplasmic differentiation, which he termed the 'ger-minal cytoplasm'. He was able to trace the developmental history of this plasm as it moved from its original position just under the cortex of the vegetal pole of the fertilized egg, to its inclusion in a number of cells of the early gastrula end...

In rheumatoid synovitis, lymphocytes can be arranged in follicular structures resembling secondary lymphoid follicles. To understand the organizing principles of this ectopic lymphoid tissue, the cellular components contributing to synovial follicles were examined. In 9 of 24 synovial tissue biopsies, lymphoid aggregates were found consisting of CD4+ T cells and CD20+ B cells. In four of the ni...

After primary immunization with an immunogenic conjugate of (4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetyl, two anatomically and phenotypically distinct populations of antibody-forming cells arise in the spleen. As early as 2 d after immunization, foci of antigen-binding B cells are observed along the periphery of the periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths. These foci expand, occupying as much as 1% of the splenic v...