the earth’s gravity field dedicated missions provide homogeneous and uniformly accurate information on the long wavelengths of the earth’s gravity field. many different global geopotential models have introduced by earth and space research centers during the last years. the geopotential models derived from the grace satellite measurements are compared with the other models at different frequenc...

Surface neutron counter data are often used as a proxy for atmospheric ionisation from cosmic rays in studies of extraterrestrial effects on climate. Neutron counter instrumentation was developed in the 1950s and relationships between neutron counts, ionisation and meteorological conditions were investigated thoroughly using the techniques available at the time; the analysis can now be extended...

We present a new statistical method to optimally link local weather extremes to large-scale atmospheric circulation structures. The method is illustrated using July-August daily mean temperature at 2m height (T2m) time-series over the Netherlands and 500 hPa geopotential height (Z500) time-series over the Euroatlantic region of the ECMWF reanalysis dataset (ERA40). The method identifies pattern...

A cut-off low is a closed with value of geopotential height at the upper atmospheric levels that has been fully detached (cut-off) from westerly flow and move independently. causes extreme rainfall events in mid-latitudes regions. The main aim this paper to investigate 500 hPa over Iraq synoptic point view behavior hPa. To examine association across Iraq, two case studies heavy different times ...

This paper aimed to evaluate the use of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) ellipsoidal heights in conjunction with height anomalies provided by Geopotential Model (GGM) XGM2019e, refined Residual Terrain Modelling (RTM) technique, obtain normal Brazil, referred Imbituba Brazilian Vertical Datum (IBVD) and International Height Reference (IHRS). For this purpose, a local modelling approach...

â â â  this paper attempts to investigate the relationship between 500hpa circulation patterns and weather types (coldest, warmest and raining) over 16 synoptic stations of mountainous region of iran. the mountainous region of iran covers about 670000 square kilometer (41 percent) of iran. in this paper have been investigated the relationship between circulation patterns in 500hpa level with we...

1 NCAS-Climate, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK 2 Max-Plank-Institut für Chemie, Mainz, Germany 3 DLR Oberpfaffenhofen, Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre, Wessling, Germany 4 Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie, Hamburg, Germany 5 University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy 6 Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia e Centro Euro-Mediterraneo per i Cambiament...