Despite longstanding interest in the genetic mechanisms that underlie behavioral evolution, very few genes that underlie naturally occurring variation in behavior between individuals or species are known, particularly in vertebrates. Here, we build on our previous forward genetic mapping experiments and use transgenic approaches to identify Ectodysplasin as a gene that causes differences in sch...

INTRODUCTION The respiratory exchange of entire organisms, isolated organs and tissues is a widely explored field in physiology, dating back to the classic work of Lavoisier, and in recent times still presents fresh problems for study, as, for instance, the work of Davis & Fraenkel (1940) on the oxygen consumption of flies during flight. Literature prior to 1916 is reviewed and catalogued in th...

In the presence of a vertical thermal gradient, juvenile three-spined sticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus and minnows Phoxinus phoxinus positioned themselves higher in the water column compared with adult conspecifics. This result was consistent regardless of whether age cohorts were tested separately or together. Furthermore, juveniles but not adult fishes positioned themselves higher in water...