Fossilization has become the focus of many L2 studies since its introduction in 1972 as many learners fail to achieve native-speaker competence. Researchers have tried to unravel the causes of fossilization, among which noticing has been claimed to be of great importance. This  study  aimed  to  explore  the  effect  of  noticing  on  fossilization.  To  achieve  this  aim,  a mixed-methods app...

In this paper, I examine the claim that the Subset Principle is not operative in (adult) second language acquisition. It has been suggested that the Subset Principle is available to first language learners, but not to second language learners, and that this difference is responsible, at least in part, for the fossilization that seems to be characteristic of second language acquisition. I intend...

Unambiguous indicators of gender in dinosaurs are usually lost during fossilization, along with other aspects of soft tissue anatomy. We report the presence of endosteally derived bone tissues lining the interior marrow cavities of portions of Tyrannosaurus rex (Museum of the Rockies specimen number 1125) hindlimb elements, and we hypothesize that these tissues are homologous to specialized avi...

The microstructures, the chemical composition and the soluble organic matrices of the aragonitic crossed lamellar layers of the shells of six species of molluscs have been studied. The microstructures and chemical contents are similar, whereas the quantities of organic matrices are variable. All the soluble matrices are glycoproteins, with low S contents. Their molecular weights, the protein-su...

Sponges are probably the earliest branching animals, and their fossil record dates back to the Precambrian. Identifying their skeletal structure and composition is thus a crucial step in improving our understanding of the early evolution of metazoans. Here, we present the discovery of 505-million-year-old chitin, found in exceptionally well preserved Vauxia gracilenta sponges from the Middle Ca...

The importance of palaeontological data in divergence time estimation has increased with the introduction Bayesian total-evidence dating methods, which use fossil taxa directly for calibration, facilitated by joint analysis morphological and molecular data. Fossil are invariably incompletely known as a consequence taphonomic processes, resulting decidedly non-random distribution missing impact ...