There is a contrast between the two sets of functional equations f0(x + y) = f0(x)f0(y) + f1(x)f1(y), f1(x + y) = f1(x)f0(y) + f0(x)f1(y), and f0(x − y) = f0(x)f0(y)− f1(x)f1(y), f1(x − y) = f1(x)f0(y)− f0(x)f1(y) satisfied by the even and odd components of a solution of f(x + y) = f(x)f(y). J. Schwaiger and, later, W. Förg-Rob and J. Schwaiger considered the extension of these ideas to the cas...

T-cell mediated cytotoxic responses to H-Y antigen require co-recognition of H-Y and H-2 gene products. F1 mael stimulating cells and target cells express H-Y antigen in association with both parental H-2 haplotypes. However, F1 females primed in vivo and challenged in vitro with F1 male cells lyse male target cells of F1 and only one parental H-2 haplotype. Thus, (CBA X B10)F1 females sensitiz...

The striped pattern of fushi tarazu (ftz) expression found in the blastoderm of the Drosophila melanogaster embryo is generated largely through complex interactions between multiple transcription factors that bind to the zebra element of the ftz gene. A motif in the zebra element, the FTZ-F1 recognition element (F1RE), has been shown to bind a transcription factor, FTZ-F1 alpha, that is a membe...

The cancellation level and phase were measured for the (f2-f1) distortion product in six normal-hearing ears as a function of input level (L1,L2) and the frequency separation of the two input signals (f1,f2, where f2 greater than f1). The effects of input level were examined for L1 and L2, varied together (L1 = L2) and separately. Typically, f1 was 1500 Hz while f2/f1 was either 1.16, 1.32, 1.4...

introduction: the aim of this study was evaluate the ability of notochord to induce neural induction and/or differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cell to neuron and motor neuron, respectively. methods: in order to produce embryoid bodies, es cells line royan b1 were grown in suspension in the absence of lif for 4 days. ebs were divided into 4 groups. ebs in group 1 & 2 were further cultured i...

Circuit-level implementation of a novel neuron has been discussed in this article. A low-power Activation Function (AF) circuit is introduced in this paper, which is then combined with a highly linear synapse circuit to form the neuron architecture. Designed in Carbon Nanotube Field-Effect Transistor (CNTFET) technology, the proposed structure consumes low power, which makes it suitable for the...

Detailed understanding of the action of biological molecular machines must overcome the challenge of gaining a clear knowledge of the corresponding free-energy landscape. An example for this is the elucidation of the nature of converting chemical energy to torque and work in the rotary molecular motor of F1-ATPase. A major part of the challenge involves understanding the rotary-chemical couplin...

F1-ATPase is the catalytic component of the ATP synthase molecular machine responsible for most of the uphill synthesis of ATP in living systems. The enormous advances in biochemical and structural studies of this machine provide an opportunity for detailed understanding of the nature of its rotary mechanism. However, further quantitative progress in this direction requires development of relia...

objective(s): the main characteristic of mesenchymal stem cells (mscs) is their ability to produce other cell types. electromagnetic field (emf) stimulates differentiation of mscs into other cells. in this study, we investigated whether emf can effect on the differentiation of mscs into dopaminergic (da) neurons. materials and methods: an emf with a frequency of 50 hz and two intensities of 40 ...

background: alzheimer’s disease (ad) is characterized by progressive neuronal loss in hippocamp. epidermal neural crest stem cells (epi-ncsc) can differentiate into neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of transplanting epi-ncsc into ad rat model. methods: two weeks after induction of ad by injection of amyloid-β 1-40 into ca1 area of ra...