The transport of photons in steady, spherical, scattering flows is investigated. The moment equations are solved analytically for accretion onto a Schwarzschild black hole, taking into full account relativistic effects. We show that the emergent radiation spectrum is a power law at high frequencies with a spectral index smaller (harder spectrum) than in the non–relativistic case. Radiative tran...

— Few examples exist in the common property literature of community-managed forestry enterprises (CFEs) operating in competitive markets. Yet, in Mexico, there are hundreds of such examples at varying levels of vertical integration. At a time when devolution of rights to forests is expanding worldwide, collective management of timber operations presents an emerging community forestry policy opt...

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a preferred technique for assessing the environmental impact of products considering all environmental aspects over the full product life cycle. However, a number of drawbacks limit a continual and pro-active application of LCA in the design process. Indicators have been proposed as an alternative approach to LCA. This paper provides a brief survey of indicator ap...

A model of surface waves generated on deep water by strong winds is proposed. A two-layer approximation is adopted, in which a shallow turbulent layer overlies the lower, infinitely deep layer. The dynamics of the upper layer, which is directly exposed to the wind, are nonlinear and coupled to the linear dynamics in the deep fluid. The authors demonstrate that in such a system there exist stead...

Sand fields develop different patterns, such as sandbars, sand ridges, sand ripples, sand dunes, and river dunes. These vary in shape from crescent to ridge-like patterns. They are formed in areas such as deserts, lakes and seashores, where winds or fluid flows are strong and tend to blow from one direction or oscillate. There is a great deal of order in these patterns: perhaps a simple model c...

The generation and destruction of stratification in the surface mixed layer of the ocean is understood to result from vertical turbulent transport of buoyancy and momentum driven by air–sea fluxes and stresses. In this paper, it is shown that the magnitude and penetration of vertical fluxes are strongly modified by horizontal gradients in buoyancy and momentum. A classic example is the strong r...

We present fully general relativistic equations governing viscous transonic flows in vertical equilibrium in Kerr geometry. We find the complete set of global solutions (both for Optically thick and optically thin flows) in the weak viscosity limit. We show that for a large region of parameter space, centrifugal pressure supported standing shocks can form in accretion and winds very close to th...

Atmospheric turbulence results from the vertical movement of air, together with flow disturbances around surface obstacles which make low- and moderate-level winds extremely irregular. Recent advancements in wind engineering have led to the construction of new facilities for testing residential homes at relatively high Reynolds numbers. However, the generation of a fully developed turbulence in...

This article begins by discussing how the role of human resource management has changed in recent years, and the implications of this for human resource departments. Providing employees with the information they require about their employment relationship is then explored by investigating how information technology can improve the quality of this information flow. The role of employee self-serv...

The “Cubesat-investigating Atmospheric Density Response to Extreme driving” (CADRE) project is the next space weather mission sponsored by the National Science Foundation (NSF). The Earth’s ionosphere and thermosphere are driven in a variety of regions on multiple scales, and changes in the upper atmosphere can adversely affect our society’s increasingly critical space-based infrastructure. For...