A controlled fire burner was constructed where various natural vegetation species could be used as fuel. The burner was equipped with thermocouples to measure fuel surface temperature and used as a cavity for microwaves with a laboratory quality 2-port vector network analyzer to determine electrical conductivity from S-parameters. Electrical conductivity for vegetation material flames is import...

A tetrapolar method to measure electrical conductivity of cartilage and bone, and to estimate the thickness of articular cartilage attached to bone, was developed. We determined the electrical conductivity of humeral head bovine articular cartilage and subchondral bone from a 1- to 2-year-old steer to be 1.14+/-0.11 S/m (mean+/-sd, n =11) and 0.306+/-0.034 S/m, (mean+/-sd, n =3), respectively. ...

The apparatus for evaluation of the figure of merit (ZT) of thermoelectric devices has been developed. ZT value is comprised of three physical quantities, Seebeck coefficient, electrical conductivity, and thermal conductivity. However, to date, the ZT values of the thermoelectric devices have been evaluated by Harman method due to difficulty in measuring thermal conductivity of the devices with...

In light of its frequency-dependent penetration depth, the measurement of eddy current conductivity has been suggested as a possible means to allow the nondestructive evaluation of subsurface residual stresses in shot-peened specimens. This technique is based on the socalled electro-elastic effect, i.e. the stress-dependence of the electrical conductivity. Unfortunately, the relatively small ch...

This study was designed to experimentally measure the thermal and electrical conductivities of Aluminium Nitride/Ethylene Glycol (AlN/EG) nanofluids. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to characterize the shape of AlN nanoparticles. Nanofluids with different particle volume concentrations of 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5% were utilized. The thermal and electrical conductivities of the...

For in situ measurements of local electrical conductivity of well defined crystal surfaces in ultrahigh vacuum, we have developed microscopic four-point probes with a probe spacing of several micrometres, installed in a scanningelectron-microscope/electron-diffraction chamber. The probe is precisely positioned on targeted areas of the sample surface by using piezoactuators. This apparatus enabl...

Nine time-domain reflectometry (TDR) probes, 2 to 10 cm long, were evaluated by comparing their measurement accuracy of TDR-pulse travel time in a sand and sandy loam soil, and electrical conductivity in NaCl solutions. TDR probes <2.5 cm in length generated troughhaped TDR waveforms with rounded corners at the points of the pulse reflection from the probe ends. The sharpness of the pulse refle...

We report on a single-state measurement of electrical conductivity of warm dense gold in the solid to plasma transition regime. This is achieved using the idealized slab plasma approach of isochoric heating of ultrathin samples by a femtosecond laser, coupled with femtosecond probe measurements of reflectivity and transmission. The experiment also reveals the time scale associated with the disa...