In this paper we present a generalization of empirical gramians as used for nonlinear model reduction. This approach enables us to directly use data, generated by relevant trajectories, to compute the empirical controllability gramian. The observability gramian can be derived along the trajectory while ensuring that the perturbed initial conditions remain feasible. The feasibility of the pertur...

The Unit Operations Toolbox is a dynamic simulation package that is being developed in Matlab/Simulink by members of the Process Modelling and Control group of the Department of Chemical Engineering of the University of Pretoria. The simulation package consists of a collection of models of unit operations such as reactors and distillation columns, as well as a framework which allows these model...

Distillation separates compounds by the variation in how effortlessly they vaporize. The two main types of standard distillation comprise unremitting distillation and batch distillation. Unremitting distillation, as the name says, unremittingly takes a feed and separates it into two or more products. Batch distillation takes on lot (or batch) at a time of feed and splits it into products by sel...

The influence of pressure variations upon distillation operation does not seem to be well-understood in the open literature, because contradicting statements concerning the importance of pressure control on binary distillation are found. To minimize energy consumption, it is recommended to operate columns at minimum pressure; however, even if column pressure is controlled, instability may still...

Dalam proses pengolahan minyak dan gas bumi di Crude Distillation Unit PPSDM Migas Cepu diperlukan berbagai alat perpindahan panas, salah satunya adalah cooler. Di Cepu, Cooler-05 digunakan untuk mendinginkan Pertasol CB hasil keluaran dari kolom fraksinasi C2 sebelum masuk ke separaor S4. produksi yang berlangsung secara kontinyu, ini menyebabkan harus beroperasi selama 24 jam. Hal dapat mempe...

An experimental desalination system coupling a vacuum membrane distillation (VMD) unit and a vacuum tube solar heat collection (SHC) unit was developed and tested. The parametric sensitivity of the VMD unit performance was investigated first using an electric heater as the heat source, and then the whole system was examined using solar heat. It was revealed that hot feed temperatures higher tha...

Crude Oil Distillation Unit (CDU) is one of the most important separation installations in petroleum refinery industries. In this work, a Bi-level Surrogate column model Aided Constrained Optimization Design (Bi-SACOD) proposed for time-consuming objectives and constraints evolutionary optimization design CDUs. The main components Bi-SACOD include bi-level surrogate construction (Bi-SMC), manag...