according adhar bigdili, muhammad ali was son of abdal biq naqqashbashi (painter laureate)and grandson of aliquli biq jabadar, court painter of shah safi and shah abbas ii safawi. adhar bigdili credited muhammad ali with naqqashbashi of shah tahmasp ii safawi and nadir shah afshar. having learnt the art of painting from his father, muhamma ali in turn trained ali ashraf, who worked under patron...

Just like members of any other profession, not all translators are the same in terms of their ideas, ideals, and code of conduct. Among the modern Iranian translators, a limited, yet influential and professionally well-known, group of them who were among the political activists during Reza Shah Pahlavi (1926-1941) and Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi (1941-1979) reigns had to spend so many years in p...

Tehran has changed a lot at the time of Nasiruddin Shah. The changes began from the destruction of Tahmāsbī fortress and constructing a new one and development of the city in 1867. These were done because the town was small; therefore, Nasiruddin Shah ordered to make the changes. There is a very few information about the formation of the development and its details. The existing data can be ext...

Tehran has changed a lot at the time of Nasiruddin Shah. The changes began from the destruction of Tahmāsbī fortress and constructing a new one and development of the city in 1867. These were done because the town was small; therefore, Nasiruddin Shah ordered to make the changes. There is a very few information about the formation of the development and its details. The existing data can be ext...

Smallpox, which currently is only of historical interest, was once one of the most terrible illnesses with high mortality and morbidity. In the late 18th century, the English physician and naturalist, Edward Jenner (1749 - 1823), discovered an efficient preventive technique against smallpox which he termed "vaccination". Afterwards, the practice of vaccination gradually became widespread when f...

For centuries, storytellers and scops recited epics and national, tribal, historical, and religious stories for people, through musical speeches. Some of these narrators wrote down what they recited, and some others dictated them for scribes to be recorded. Some kings and lords also had scops in their courts to recite the stories to scribes. One of the old, oral stories of Persian literature th...