Many ceasefire and peace agreements stipulate the disarmament demobilization of pro-state armed groups involved in conflict, yet few these ever completely demobilize. This study seeks to explain process incomplete by advancing a theoretical argument that are least likely disarm demobilize when monopoly on violence is fragmented, there relative balance capabilities interests between government g...

Russia has traditionally maintained a large army to defend its borders. Now there is evidence that the Kremlin utilized proxy militias and private military companies launch operations abroad. The article will focus on Russian interventions in Ukraine Syria. It claim are three reasons for use of surrogate forces. Domestic developments, including new social attitudes, can explain why been keen hi...

This study explores how sectarian language prevalent on Arabic media shapes common Arab people's perceptions of sects such as Sunni, Shiites, and others. A sample expressions was collected from social media, print TV channels. students faculty surveyed. Sectarian analysed according to the components perception (perceiver, target, situation), factors that affect each, amplification attenuation r...

In this article, we investigate how the political geography of local power and national-subnational alignment influences distribution conflict between election contests. We ask consistently intermediaries, such as members parliament (MPs), can sustain their own support that successful national candidate. The best measure for ability elites to generate keep is candidate vote margins. These resul...