We argue that noncontingent, unconditional self-esteem is not optimal but defensive. We introduce the concept of intrinsic contingency, where self-esteem is affected by whether one’s actions are self-congruent and conducive to personal growth. Whereas external contingencies, especially social and appearance, were negatively correlated with authenticity, self-compassion, and personal well-being,...

The problem of obtaining the maximum probability 2 c contingency table with fixed marginal sums, R1⁄4 (R1,R2) and C1⁄4 (C1, . . . ,Cc), and row and column independence is equivalent to the problem of obtaining the maximum probability points (mode) of the multivariate hypergeometric distribution MH(R1; C1, . . . ,Cc). The most simple and general method for these problems is Joe’s (Joe, H. (1988)...

The “planning as satisfiability” approach for classical planning establishes a correspondence between planning problems and logical theories, and, consequently, between plans and models. This work proposes a similar framework for contingency planning: considering contingent planning problems where the sources of indeterminism are incomplete knowledge about the initial state, non-inertial fluent...

We present the concept of organizational misfit as a complement to multi-contingency theory fit concepts for organizational performance. Firms with misfits have opportunity losses that firms without misfits do not suffer. Using data from 232 small and medium sized Danish firms, we confirm the hypotheses that firms with either or both situational and contingency misfits have lower performance in...

Introduction Among logicians it is well-known that Leibniz was the first to conceive of a mathematical treatment of logic. Much less known, however, was his insistence that there was need for a new kind of logic that would treat of degrees of probability. Although it isn't clear what Leibniz had in mind for such a logic—understandably, since the subject of probability had just begun in his life...