phatic communion is a cultural concept which differs across cultures. according to hofstede (2001), the u.s. tends to have individualistic culture; however, asian countries tend to have collectivistic cultures. these cultures view phatic communion differently. in individualistic cultures like u.s., phatic communion reflects speakers’ socio-cultural relationships in conversations. to see whether...

By the recent growing of global trend for decentralized power generation via natural gas, the interest in joint operation of several energy carriers has substantially increased. The most significant concept in this regard is the "Energy Hub", which in this paper is employed to supply electrical and heat demands via electricity and natural gas carriers. Transformers, furnaces, combined...

nowadays in trade and economic issues, prediction is proposed as the most important branch of science. existence of effective variables, caused various sectors of the economic and business executives to prefer having mechanisms which can be used in their decisions. in recent years, several advances have led to various challenges in the science of forecasting. economical managers in various fi...

Load serving entities (LSE) of industrial district that have the operation responsibility of electric network, must procure the consumers electricity from wholesale electric market or the utility’s distributed generation (DG). The generation expansion planning (GEP) has a crucial impact on the optimality of LSE’s operation. In this paper, an innovative GEP is presented in which the location, ti...