[1] Tropical instability waves (TIWs) are 20to 40-day waves that appear along the sea surface temperature (SST) front of the equatorial cold tongues. In this study, we investigate the atmospheric planetary boundary layer response to TIW-induced SST variations in the tropical Atlantic Ocean using Community Atmosphere Model version 3 (CAM3) developed at the National Center for Atmospheric Researc...

A parallel adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) scheme is described for solving the hyperbolic system of partial-differential equations governing ideal magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flows in three space dimensions. This highly parallelized algorithm adopts a cell-centered upwind finite-volume discretization procedure and uses limited solution reconstruction, approximate Riemann solvers, and explicit mult...

Hydrographic sections obtained during the World Ocean Circulation Experiment are combined using a geostrophic inverse model to estimate the global-scale horizontal transports and transport divergences of heat and freshwater with self-consistent error bars. The overall results are compared to bulk formula–derived climatologies and estimates derived from atmospheric reanalyses. At 7.58N in the At...

C4 photosynthesis is an adaptation derived from the more common C3 photosynthetic pathway that confers a higher productivity under warm temperature and low atmospheric CO2 concentration [1, 2]. C4 evolution has been seen as a consequence of past atmospheric CO2 decline, such as the abrupt CO2 fall 32-25 million years ago (Mya) [3-6]. This relationship has never been tested rigorously, mainly be...

This study examines the contribution of tropical sea surface temperature (SST) forcing to the 1976/77 climate transition of the winter atmospheric circulation over the North Pacific using a combined observational and modeling approach. The National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Community Atmospheric Model version 3 (CAM3) simulates approximately 75% of the observed 4-hPa deepening of t...

Laser diode beam divergence is the main parameter for beam shaping and fiber optic coupling. Increasing the waveguide layer thickness is the conventional method to decrease the beam divergence. In this paper, the broadened asymmetric waveguide is introduced to decrease the divergence without increasing the optical power. The asymmetric waveguide was used to shift the vertical optical field to n...

The complexity of dynamical laws governing 3D atmospheric flows associated with incomplete and noisy observations makes the recovery of atmospheric dynamics from satellite images sequences very difficult. In this report, we face the challenging problem of estimating physical sound and timeconsistent horizontal motion fields at various atmospheric depths for a whole image sequence. Based on a ve...

Abstract. For the determination of photolysis rates at large zenith angles it has been demonstrated that refraction by the earth’s atmosphere must be taken into account. In fact, due to the modified optical path the optical transmittance is thereby increased in most instances. Here we show that in addition the divergence of sun-rays, which is also caused by refraction but which reduces the dire...