Recognized calmodulin antagonists and chlorinated phenoxyalkylamines were tested as inhibitors of mevalonate incorporation into triterpenols and their fatty acid esters in a centrifuged pellet from the latex of Euphorbia lathyris. The calmodulin antagonists, chlorpromazine (II), fluphenzine, and trifluoperazine were good inhibitors; I(50) values for II and trifluoperazine were 150 and 55 microm...

BACKGROUND Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonists produce antinociception in animals. nAChRs exist almost exclusively on presynaptic terminals in the central nervous system and stimulate neurotransmitter release. This study tested whether nAChR agonists stimulate spinal release of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine either by direct actions on noradrenergic terminals or indi...

Background: Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is a syndrome consisting of typical symptoms and/or signs heart (HF) due to left ventricular systolic dysfunction (ejection ≤40%) caused by various underlying cardiac diseases. We report conventional and recently established pharmacologic nonpharmacologic treatments HFrEF in this review article.Current Concepts: So far, have been ...

In the present study the effects of both CCK receptor agonists and antagonists on antinociception induced by morphine in the tail-flick test have been evaluated. M orphine induced dose-dependent antinociception in mice. The response of morphine was potentiated by sulfated cholecystokinin-8 (CCK-8S) but not by unsulfated cholecystokinin-8 (CCK-8U). The CCK receptor antagonists MK-329 and L-...

The development of immune checkpoint inhibitors such as programmed cell-death receptor 1 (PD-1) antagonists has rapidly advanced chemotherapy within the last several decades. PD-1 targeted immunotherapy drugs like pembrolizumab, ipilimumab, nivolumab, and durvalumab have known associations with immune-mediated dermatological reactions. We report a case in which an elderly male experienced segme...

The recognition of invading pathogens and endogenous molecules from damaged tissues by toll-like receptors (TLRs) triggers protective self-defense mechanisms. However, excessive TLR activation disrupts the immune homeostasis by sustained pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines production and consequently contributes to the development of many inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, such as syst...