This paper addresses an approximation-based anti-windup (AW) control strategy for suppressing the windup effect caused by actuator saturation nonlinearity in proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controlled systems. The effect of actuator constraint is firstly regarded as a disturbance imported to the PID controller. The external disturbance can then be modeled by a linear differential equatio...

An analytical model considering modulation-dependent nonlinear effects and second-order interactions between signal and optical amplifier noise is presented for Nyquist-spaced wavelength-division-multiplexing optical communication systems. System performance of dual-polarization modulation formats, such as DP-QPSK, DP-16QAM, and DP-64QAM, is investigated using both the analytical model and nume...

In this paper, a new analytical estimator for light flicker in frequency domain, which is able to take into account also the frequency components neglected by the classical methods proposed in literature, is proposed. The analytical solutions proposed apply for any generic stationary signal affected by interharmonic distortion. The light flicker analytical estimator proposed is applied to numer...

An analytical expression of the cumulative distribution function (cdf) of the normalized signal-to-noise ratio SNR of the maximum ratio combiner (MRC) in correlated Rician fading channels has been derived. The expression is expressed as an infinite power series which can be computed very fast by truncation to a finite number of terms. The analytical expression can handle any number of receiving...

This paper addresses an approximation-based anti-windup (AW) control strategy for suppressing the windup effect caused by actuator saturation nonlinearity in proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controlled systems. The effect of actuator constraint is firstly regarded as a disturbance imported to the PID controller. The external disturbance can then be modeled by a linear differential equatio...

naphthol isomers were simultaneously and spectrophotometrically determined in wastewater, using a model based on net analyte signal (nas). the calibration method used is a variation of the original hybrid linear analysis method as proposed by goicoechea and olivieri (hla/go). owing to spectral interferences, the simultaneous determination of mixtures of naphthol isomers, using a spectrophotomet...

in this paper, the range doppler algorithm (rda) for synthetic aperture radar moving on a ballistic trajectory is presented. the 3-dimension acceleration and non-uniform trajectory cause decreases in efficiency of conventional imaging algorithms. in this paper, the analytical expression for the 2-d signal spectrum for ballistic trajectory using taylor series expansion and series reversion is de...

Theoretical models of the signal detected by a CCD camera during hyperspectral imaging with an integrating sphere are derived using Markov chains with absorbing states. The models provide analytical expressions that describe the real reflectance of the sample as a function of the detected signal at each pixel of the image. Validation of the models was done by using reflectance standards and tis...