The emergence of economic crises has forced countries to reform the development strategy with a view to improving economic management. The intervention of governments in the free functioning of the market to reduce social problems by paying subsidies in general and fixing prices have a lot of problems Which makes the information provided by the companies unrealistic and unviable. The most impor...

A comprehensive tax and benefit incidence analysis is presented covering the redistributive fiscal instruments implemented in Mexico in 2008 and 2010, representative of the urban and rural sectors, as well as nationally. The expansion of basic social programs and effectively targeted direct monetary transfers have increased the progressivity of Mexico ́s fiscal system in recent years, but redist...

Iran is committed to substantial trade and market reform in its Third Five Year Development Plan. It started, however, with nontariff barriers on all products, a dual exchange rate regime with the market rate more than four times the official rate, and domestic energy product subsidies of about 90%. The authors develop a multisector computable general-equilibrium model with ten rural and ten ur...

In this study, RAND Corporation researchers assess the expected change in enrollment and premiums in the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA)-compliant individual market in federally facilitated marketplace (FFM) states if the U.S. Supreme Court decides to eliminate subsidies in FFM states. The analysis used the Comprehensive Assessment of Reform Efforts (COMPARE) microsimulation mo...

States have long been the testing ground for new models of health care and coverage. Section 1332 of the Affordable Care Act, which takes effect in less than two years, throws open the door to innovation by authorizing states to rethink the law's coverage designs. Under State Innovation Waivers, states can modify the rules regarding covered benefits, subsidies, insurance marketplaces, and indiv...

One of the principal elements of the economic reforms program initiated in 1991 was to reduce the fiscal deficit of the central government which, at that time, faced a solvency crisis. This reduction was at least partially achieved by reducing transfers to state governments. As a result, state government budgets faced crises and agriculture, being largely a state subject, was denied adequate in...

This paper presents a computable general equilibrium (CGE) framework to numerically examine the effect of marginal tax reforms on the supply side of health related sectors. The generalized framework with the latest Japanese input-output table of year 2005 with 108 different production sectors provides the following results: An expansion of subsidies to the hospital sector creates the largest we...

The substantial subsidizing of energy prices over the years has led to high energy consumption, inefficiencies, fiscal pressures, and environmental problems in Iran. To address the increasing socio-economic problems associated with the energy subsidies, the government embarked on an aggressive energy price reform through which energy subsidies were removed and cash handouts were given to all ho...

Two decades of China's urban housing reform has produced significant quantitative and qualitative improvements. Despite various policies aimed to promote owner-occupied residential housing, the extent of commodification has been limited, and, in particular, most ownership transactions are independent of market considerations. This paper analyzes the reasons why significant commercial owner-occu...

The concern on the effects and potential consequences of displacements water resources through international trade has increased in last decades. Today, scarcity is considered one main problems world. Despite large advances its quantification understanding, further research anthropogenic determinants exchanges embodied necessary. Our study aims to shed light trajectories explaining factors Euro...