in our article, our human lung model simply reflected a baseline estimate of the distance traveled by any potentially infectious aerosols while the patient was breathing at rest with a respiratory rate of 12 breaths/min. With appropriate references,2,3 we have already stressed the importance of full personal protective equipment as an effective infection control measure in protecting health-car...

In some earlier papers (I , 2, 3) on the production of peritoneal transudates in rabbits by the intravenous infusion of large quantities of sodium chloride solution or of mixtures of a sodium chloride and calcium chloride solution, or of these solutions with the addition of adrenalin, we found that both calcium chloride and adrenalin increased the amount of peritoneal transudate. We pointed out...

Whether fluid accumulating in the pleural space is a transudate or an exudate is determined by the widely used criteria of the pleural fluid to serum LDH and protein concentration ratios. Such a distinction is important for limiting the extent of the differential diagnosis of possible causes for this condition. We have found that a pleural fluid to serum total bilirubin ratio can serve the same...

Florfenicol was administered subcutaneously to 10 calves at a dose of 40 mg/kg. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) integration and modelling of the data were undertaken using a tissue cage model, which allowed comparison of microbial growth inhibition profiles in three fluids, serum, exudate and transudate. Terminal half-lives were relatively long, so that florfenicol concentrations were w...

Two patients in whom pleurodesis was used for intractable pleural effusion due to congestive heart failure are described. This procedure eliminated the pleural effusion but resulted in accumulation of fluid in other body compartments. Pleurodesis has a limited role in the treatment of intractable pleural transudates in congestive heart failure.

Dear Editor, Two recent papers (Aspelund et al. 2015; Louveau et al. 2015) reported the presence in mice of lymphatics in the cerebral dura mater, the most external of the meningeal layers covering the brain. This datum was reported as a novel discovery in the fields of neuroanatomy and neuroimmunology. However, for the sake of clarity, we would like to highlight the following issues: 1. The pr...

We read with interest the report by Assi and colleagues1 on the distribution of transudates and exudates between cytolog¬ ically proved malignant pleural effusions. The authors found that one of the 98 patients with malignant pleural effusions enrolled in the study, had a borderline transudate and had congestive heart failure at the time of the thoracentesis. The authors concluded that cytologi...