In this paper, an algorithm based on ladder diffusion and ACO [5,6] is proposed to solve the power consumption and transmission routing problems in wireless sensor networks. The proposed ladder diffusion algorithm is employed to route paths for data relay and transmission in wireless sensor networks, reducing both power consumption and processing time to build the routing table and simultaneous...

Barrage relays networks (BRNs) are mobile ad hoc networks based on an autonomous cooperative communication scheme that eliminates the need for link-based coordination between nodes (e.g., collision avoidance and routing). BRNs are therefore based on a physical layer resource that is not a single link, but a region of cooperative, multi-hop transport fabric. Simultaneous unicast flows in BRNs ca...

A common approach to assessing the relative importance of different transmission routes is to eliminate transmission through one route and assume that the ratio "number of cases eliminated:number of residual cases" measures the relative importance of the eliminated route vis-à-vis the residual transmission route. A quantitative model is used to generate synthetic data similar to those analyzed ...

Little is presently known about the specific routes of transmission of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) or human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8). To investigate whether this agent might be transmitted vertically from mother to infant, we conducted a study on 89 KSHV seropositive mothers and their newborn infants. Thirteen mothers (14.6%) had KSHV DNA detected in their peripheral blood monon...

introduction: nowadays, hiv is mostly spreading in asian countries. one of the important routes for hiv transmission in these countries is the vertical route which infects 35% to 45% of newborns. mother’s education, drug prophylaxis and cesarean section, accompanied by banning breastfeeding will decrease this rate to 2%. therefore, mothers’ knowledge about prevention of mother to child transmis...

The paper presents a theoretical model that seeks to answer the question of why former squatter settlements tend to upgrade/redevelop at a slower pace than otherwise similar settlements originating in the formal sector. We argue that squatter settlers’ initial strategy to access urban land creates a ‘legacy effect’ that curtails settlement upgrading possibilities even after the settlements are ...

It is commonly believed that Adventure-based Counseling (ABC) training is intended for young people who are active and energetic. The St. James’ Settlement (a NGO) in Hong Kong, however, believes that such training can also have positive effects on the young olds (individuals aged 50-65). A group of young old trainees was recruited from the community to help implement related activities to elde...

Results of current computer simulations suggest that a pathogenmediated version of Hamilton’s spite hypothesis may play an unexpected role in the evolution of host-parasite interactions. Theory predicts that hosts’ ability to influence parasite transmission to conspecifics is a neutral character provided that transmission routes are random. There are two possible deviations from this. Firstly, ...

Buruli Ulcer is a devastating skin disease caused by the pathogen Mycobacterium ulcerans. Emergence and distribution of Buruli ulcer cases is clearly linked to aquatic ecosystems, but the specific route of transmission of M. ulcerans to humans remains unclear. Relying on the most detailed field data in space and time on M. ulcerans and Buruli ulcer available today, we assess the relative contri...