In conventional WLCSP process, after defining the under bump metal (UBM) layer, a solder ball is dropped in the UBM opening. A subsequent thermal reflow cycle melts the solder ball and cools it in a well defined shape on top of the UBM layer. One draw back of this technology is the fracture or cracking of passivation film that may occur during the solder ball reflow process. The cracks in the p...

This work investigates the effect of different conditions of PFO thermal cracking from two PFO samples on liquid, solid and gas product yield and asphaltene removal efficiency in a new designed experimental setup. No need to use a catalyst, simple operating system and experiment conditions, the ability to use water as a cheap carrier gas and high asphaltene extraction efficiency without the use...

An industrial ethane thermal cracking reactor was modeled assuming a molecular mechanism for the reaction kinetics coupled with material, energy, and momentum balances of the reactant-product flow along the reactor. To carry out the multi-objective optimization for two objectives such as conversion and ethylene selectivity, the elitist non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm was used. The Paret...

Many agencies use the AASHTO Guide for Design of Pavement Structures to design their pavement systems. The limitation inherent in this method is the empirical nature of the decision process, which was derived from a road test conducted almost 45 years ago in Ottawa, Illinois. The newly released Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG), based on NCHRP Study 1-37A, has adopted a mechan...

[1] Lineaments in the gravity field and associated chains of volcanic ridges are widespread on the Pacific plate but are not yet explained by plate tectonics. Recent studies have proposed that they are warps and cracks in the plate caused by uneven thermal contraction of the cooling lithosphere. We show that the large thermoelastic stress produced by top-down cooling is optimally released by li...

This paper describes an investigation on the use of a new composite construction material composed of plaster, sand, crushed gravel and date palm fibres of waste agriculture peels, having mechanical properties potentially useful in technical domains. Thermal conductivity and some mechanical and physical properties are investigated. The results showed that the incorporated vegetable fibres chang...